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Ultrasound
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| First Italian Physicist to document use of waves by analyzing navigation of flying bats in the dark | Lazaro Spallanzani |
| What year Lazaro Spallanzi document the waves from flying bats | 1794 |
| He created an apparatus that produces sound waves of frequency of 40 Hz | Francis Galton |
| What year Francis Galton created an apparatus | 1880 |
| They noted that electricity maybe created by Piezoelectric Effect | Jacques and Pierre Curie |
| They discovered the inverse piezoelectric effect | Jacques and Pierre Curie |
| He discovered motion of the internal parts of bodies by the sound they make | Robert Hooke |
| He registered a patent for iceberg detection and in what year | Lewis Fry Richard Soon, 1913 |
| They invented Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging) and in what year | Paul Langevin and Constantin Chilowski, 1915 |
| He developed sonar | Robert Boyle |
| Type of ultrasound that is use for treatment | Therapeutic US |
| He created a system in which the receiver was a separate device collecting the waves in 1941 | Donald Sproule- |
| He received a recognition for the Reflectoscope | Floyd Firestone- |
| He introduced hyperphonography | Karl and Friederick Dussik- |
| Noted for developing the 1st application of ultrasound to the human body | George Ludwick |
| He detected heart motions with a flaw detector and later called ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY in 1953 | Professor C. H. Hertz |
| The first real-time mechanical commercial scanner in 1965 | VIDOSON |
| Who designed VIDOSON | Richard Soldner |
| A phased array system in 1983 | HEWLETT PACKARD 70020A |
| He incorporated US into OB/GYN in 1958 | Ian MacDonald |
| They designed pulsed doppler US Tech in 1966 | Don Baker, Dennis Watkins, and John Reid |
| Color Doppler Sound Intruments in what year | 1970 |
| He developed 3-D US captured images of fetus in 1980 | Kazunori Baba |
| A test that uses US waves to capture images in the Body | US |
| Travels in straight line through air or medium that can be heard | Sound |
| Bumping of particles creates what | Sound waves |
| It is a local oscillation in a medium that transfers energy through medium | Mechanical Wave |
| Height of the wave's crest which determines its loudness | Amplitude |
| A region in a sound wave where particles have been pushed together making the densest part of the wave | Compression |
| The number of waves produced in a given period of time | Frequency |
| The intensity of the pressure wave resulting in the level of intensity perceived by someone | Loudness |
| Describes the perceived highness or lowness of a sound wave | Pitch |
| The region in the sound wave where the particles have been spread out and are the least dense part of the wave | Rarefaction |
| The measurement of a sound wave from compression to compression | Wavelength |
| Frequency of an US wave | > 20 000 Hz (20 KHz) |
| Active elements found in US Transducers | Piezoelectrics |
| The ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress | Piezoelectric Effect |
| Piezein and piezo means what | Piezein = Squeez or Press Piezo = Push |
| Less resolution but deeper penetration | Lower Frequencies |
| Short wavelength but greater resolution | Higher Frequencies |
| mHz for kidney and liver | 1-6 mHz |
| mHz for muscles and tendons | 7-18 mHz |
| Amplification is done by what | TGC - Time Gain Compensation Amplifier |
| The decreasing of intensity of a sound wave | Attenuation |
| The results of sound wave interaction with tissues | Divergence Interference Scatter Diffraction Absorption Reflection |
| Echoes are large, smooth surface and sound is reflected in a singular direction (Bones) | Specular Reflector |
| Small echoes, irregular shape and reflection returns in various directions (Soft Tissues) | Diffuse Reflector |
| Refers to the propagation of incident sound waves in oblique directions | Scatter |
| Occurs at interfaces involving structures of small dimensions | Rayleigh Scattering |
| When the sound wave is greater than the structure it comes in contact with, it creates a uniform amplitude in all directions with little or no reflection returning to the transducer | True |
| Most of the acoustic energy is reflected - impossible to see deeper | Gas or Solids |
| Why lungs can't be examined by US | because of the presence of Air |
| Imaging through an adult skull or other bones is possible | False, not. |
| Attenuation is a combined effects of... | Absorption, Scattering, and Reflection |
| The higher the angle of incidence, the lesser sound scattering | True |
| Bending of waves can cause artifacts like spatial distortion and lesser resolution | True |
| Absorption of US wave in fluids is a result of frictional forces that oppose the motion of particles in medium | True |
| Physical property of tissues and describes how much resistance US beam encounters | Acoustic Impedance |
| Density and speed is directly proportional to acoustic impedance | True |
| Impedance is defined as | Z = pv |
| Z P V stands for | Z = Acoustic Impedance P = Density of medium V = Speed of sound |
| Found in the body where sound wave travels the fastest | Bone - 4080 m/s |
| Found in the body where sound wave travels the slowest | Air - 330 m/s |
| Ratio of intensity of reflected wave relative to incident wave | Intensity Reflection Coefficient |
| The greater the difference in acoustic impedance between the media the greater the reflection and smaller the transmission | TRUE |
| Reflection Fraction Formula | RF = [ ( Z2 - Z1 ) / ( Z2 + Z1 ) ] ^2 |
| A method of describing the reflecting echoes | Echogenicity |
| Darker and less reflection | Hypoechoic - Muscles, Blood Vessels |
| Brighter and more reflection | Hyperechoic - Bones, Cartilage |
| Total Black and no echoes | Anechoic - Air, Fluids |
| Equal | Isoechoic |
| Basic Components of a US | Pulser - Trasnducer - Receiver |
| It applies high amplitude voltage to energize crystals | Pulser |
| Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy | Transducer |
| Detects and amplifies signals | Receiver |
| A type of transducer that is propagated in linear fashion and is parallel to transducer surface | Linear |
| It increases field of view and is ideal for deeper structures | Curvilinear |
| Ultrasound Machine consists of what | Transducer Probe, a central processing unit (CPU), a monitor, a keyboard with control knobs, disk storage devices, a printer and so on |
| A fluid medium needed to provide a link between transducer surface of the patient | Acoustic Coupling Agent |
| Not a good coupling agent because it evaporates rapidly | Water |
| Not a good coupling agent because it dissolves the rubber | Oil |
| Best Acoustic Coupling Agent | Water Soluble Gel |
| Most Essential Component in US | Transducer Probe |
| Piezoelectric effect is also known as | Pressure electric effect |
| The transducer head has a | Footprint |
| Can be a notch, a dot or a light on the probe’s head and use for orientation | Probe Marker |
| Probe that is not good for curve structures but good near field resolution | Linear Probe |
| Produces a fan like image and increase width in deeper penetration but poor near field resolution | Sector/Phased Array |
| The frequency ranges 2 to 7 MHz and perfect for abdominal scanning | Curvilinear |
| Has a small footprint with a Hz range of 5-12 MHz. Designed to fit in encocavitary spaces | Transvaginal/Endocavity |
| Controls the strength of electrical voltage | Power/Output Control |
| Allows to increase and decrease field of view | Depth |
| Adjusts overall brightness | Gain |
| Allows adjustment of brightness at a specific depth of image | TGC |
| it is placed at the depth of interest | Focal Zones |
| Allows image to be held frozen | Freeze |
| Used for moving objects on monitor | Trackball |
| Allows magnification | Zoom |
| Mode of scanning or known as Brightness Mode and use to get back to grey scale imaging from color Doppler and/or Pulsed Wave Doppler | 2D Knob - B mode |
| Displayed as Measure or Cal(Calculation) on the ultrasound console | Measurement |
| Simplest form of US imaging Based on Echo Principle 1D information | A-mode or Amplifier Mode |
| If watched in a rapid sequence, they become real time images | B-mode |
| Appears in the lower half of the screen | Spectral Doppler or Pulsed Wave Doppler |
| Can be moved by operator and placed within a vessel as imaged by color doppler | Spectral Doppler or Pulsed Wave Doppler |
| Cursor line appears on the upper section of the image. Primarily to document motion | M mode or Motion mode |
| BART | Blue Away Red Towards |
| Uses a color map to display information based on frequency | Color Flow Doppler |
| Uses a color map to show distribution of power or amplitude | Power Doppler |
| What activates color flow | Color flow knob |
| Ultrasound is continuous and measures high velocities | Continuous wave doppler unit |
| Measure the speed of blood in a vessel | Pulsed Wave Doppler |
| The change of frequency of refection by a moving surface | The Doppler Effect |
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