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Stage 1 Biology S1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| living | biotic |
| abiotic | non-living |
| 7 life processes of living things | grow, move, preproduce, respire, excrete waste, respond and adapt to their environment, take in energy and use it |
| cell theory | 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic units of organization in living things 3. All cells come from other cells |
| unicellular | single celled |
| multicellular | made of many cells |
| examples of unicellular organisms | bacteria, yeast, amoeba |
| examples of multicellular organisms | plants, animals, fungi |
| heterotroph | obtain their nutrients and energy from other organisms |
| autotroph | able to synthesize their own food for energy |
| levels of organization | cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| prokaryotic cell | lack membrane bound organelles, only have a single chromosome in the nucleoid, reproduce through binary fission |
| eukaryotic cell | contain specialized membrane bound organelles, has a nucleus with DNA bound in chromosomes |
| cell membrane | boundary for the cell, controls which substances pass in and out |
| cell wall | provides protection and strength for the cell |
| nucleus | contains DNA, which controls the cells activities |
| cytoplasm | a jelly-like substance that the organelles float in |
| mitochondria | creates energy packets for the cell from sugar |
| vacuole | stores fluids, nutrients and wastes |
| chloroplast | collects sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugar |
| photosynthesis | uses sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars |
| energy | required by all living organisms |
| photosynthesis formula | carbon dioxide + water + sunlight -> glucose + oxygen |
| cellular respiration | release the energy stored from the bonds of glucose |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| purpose of ATP | the cells source of energy when the third phosphate molecule is broken |
| ADP | adenosine diphosphate |
| fermentation | anaerobic process performed by a cell to generate chemical energy |
| uses of fermentation | making bread, wine, cheese, soy sauce |
| uses of energy in living organisms | maintaining a constant body temperature, movement, reproduction, growth, repair |
| energy passed on to next trophic level | 10% |
| energy lost as heat or used by previous organism | 90% |
| basal metabolism | the bare minimum level of energy required to keep an organism alive at rest |
| nutrients | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins and minerals and water |
| mitosis | cell division for growth and repair, forms 2 identical daughter cells |
| meiosis | cell division for the production of sex cells, forms 4 genetically different cells |
| sex cells | eggs and sperm |
| steps of mitosis | interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| binary fission | asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells, forms 2 identical daughter cells |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell division |
| metabolism | the rate at which energy is used and available to the organism provided by their diet |
| hydrophobic | water fearing |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| cholesterol | provides structure and stability to the cell membrane and regulates the space between phospholipids |
| organelles that contain cell membranes | nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, ER and lysosome |
| semi-permeable | membranes that only allow some substances through |
| solute | substance being dissolved |
| solvent | the substance in which the solute dissolves |
| factors affecting photosynthesis | sunlight, temperature, humidity |
| diffusion | Movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration |
| osmosis | movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane |
| active transport | where molecules move across membranes, against the concentration gradient requiring energy |
| characteristics of all living things | movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition |
| infection | invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism |
| disease | An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally |
| health | a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
| Pathogen | An organism that causes disease |
| non-infectious disease | a disease that cannot spread from one person to another |
| infectious disease | A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another. |
| contagious | Able to be passed easily from one person to another. |
| microorganisms | organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
| bacteria | single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes e.g. tuberculosis |
| viruses | can only reproduce inside host cells, and they damage the cell when they do this. Smaller than bacteria e.g. influenza |
| fungi | an organism that absorbs nutrients from the environment. e.g. athletes foot |
| protozoans | eukaryotic, single-celled; they move in a variety of means including flagella, cilia, and amoeboid motion. e.g. amoebic dysentery |
| parasitic worms | the largest of the pathogens, most of which are more a nuisance than they are a threat e.g. tape worm |
| prions | infectious protein particles that do not have a genome e.g. mad cow |
| Robert Koch | developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens. Father of microbiology |
| Koch's postulates | a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease |
| Louis Pasteur | a French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer. |
| germ theory | the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes |
| epidemics | occurrences of diseases in which many people in the same place at the same time are affected |
| pandemic | disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. |
| epidemiology | a branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people. |
| plague | a disease that spreads quickly and kills many people |
| The black death | caused by bacteria yersinia pestis. killed an estimated 5 million people |
| smallpox | the overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease. Caused by airborne variola virus |
| influenza | caused by a virus and the current estimate is that it has killed 50 - 100 million |
| cellular respiration formula | glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy |
Created by:
justineforrest
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