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Cell Structure
Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a cell? | the smallest unit that can carry on all the processes of life |
| What did Robert Hooke do? | studied cork in 1665 through a microscope and named the boxes that he saw cells |
| What did Leeuwenhoek? | first to study live cells |
| What did Schleiden do? | showed that all plants are composed of cells |
| What did Schwann do? | showed that all animals are composed of cells |
| What is cell theory? | all organisms consist of at least one cell; cells are the basic units of structure and organization of organisms; cells come from preexisting cells |
| How do most microscopes magnify objects? | most microscopes use lenses to magnify the image of an object by focusing light or electrons |
| What is the cell membrane? | the thin flexible barrier that surrounds all cells |
| What is the nucleus? | a large membrane enclosed structure that contains genetic material in the form of DNA and controls many of the cell's activities |
| What are some features of prokaryotes? | no true nucleus, very simple looking |
| What are some features of eukaryotes? | contain organelles and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane, more complex than prokaryotes |
| What is cytoplasm? | clear fluid gel that lies outside the nucleus, surrounds the organelles |
| What does the word organelle mean in Latin? | "little organs" |
| What does the nucleus contain? | nearly all the cell's DNA and, with it, the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules |
| What are vacuoles? | little sacs that store food, enzymes, or waste, regulate the water in plant cells, and store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| What do lysosomes do? | contain enzymes that: digest food, kill and destroy bacteria, and break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell |
| What is the cytoskeleton? | a network of thin, fibrous elements that provide support for the cell and organelles |
| What does the cytoskeleton do? | helps the cell maintain its shape and is also involved in movement |
| Where are centrioles and what do they do? | in animal cells, located near the nucleus and help organize cell division |
| What are ribosomes? | the most numerous organelle; where protein is made; some float in cytoplasm while others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum |
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)? | a folded membrane of sacs and tunnels; acts as a delivery system to move molecules through the cell |
| What is the difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | the rough ER is covered in ribosomes and the smooth ER has none |
| What does the golgi apparatus do? | stores material from the endoplasmic reticulum, repackages that material into vesicles for use in other parts of the cell, and modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or release outside the cell |
| What are chloroplasts? | structures found in plants and some microorganisms that contain chlorophyll |
| What do chloroplasts do? | Trap light to make energy(photosynthesis) |
| What do mitochondria do? | break down food for energy, they are known as the "powerhouse" of the cell because ATP is made there; the inside membrane is folded in order to increase the surface |
| What is the cell wall? | an additional boundary found in bacteria, fungi, and plants; they are found just outside the membrane |
| What does the lipid bilayer do? | gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings |
| What does the cell membrane do? | regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell |
| What does it mean for a membrane to be selectively permeable(semipermeable)? | it means the membrane is impermeable to only certain substances |
| What is diffusion? | the process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration; it is the driving force behind the movement of many substances across the cell membrane |
| What is passive transport? | the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | the process in which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels; it is fast and does not require any additional use of the cell's energy |
| What are aquaporins? | water channels proteins |
| What is osmosis? | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| What is isotonic? | when the concentration of 2 solutions is the same |
| What is hypertonic? | the solution with the greater concentration of solutes(water out) |
| What is hypotonic? | the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes(water in) |
| What is osmotic pressure? | pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane |
| What is active transport? | the movement of materials against a concentration difference ; requires energy |
| How do unicellular organisms retain homeostasis? | they grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce |
| How do multicellular organisms retain homeostasis? | they become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one another |
| What groups are the cells of multicellular organisms organized into? | tissues, organs, and organ systems |
| What is tissue? | a group of similar cells that performs a particular function |
| What is an organ? | many groups of tissues working together |
| What is an organ system? | a groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
Created by:
alov9636
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