Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
lecture 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| heritable variation in populations was | a necessary ingredient in natural selection |
| molecules are specially important for evolution | proteins, DNA, RNA |
| proteins | chains of amino acids, polymers formed from 20 diff monomers called amino acids, |
| proteins act as | enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions, structural support, protect, coodinate |
| several organelles are | involved in protein manufacture |
| protein production | transcription and translation |
| transcription | production of RNA from DNA, DNA to RNA |
| translation | ribosomes results in the production of proteins |
| after transcription | RNA travels from the nucleus to a ribosome |
| ribosomes | where proteins are made, rough ER, others float in cytoplasm |
| smooth ER | contains enzymes that produce lipids |
| rough ER | contains ribosomes that produce many kinds of proteins |
| proteins are finalized and packaged in the | golgi apparatus |
| golgi apparatus | finishes, sorts, and ships cell products |
| vesicles | small bubbles made of membrane |
| DNA | deoxyribose nucleic acid, double helix, strings of nucleotides |
| nucleotide | sugar, a phosphate, and a base |
| adenine (A) | thymine (T) |
| guanine (G) | cytosine (T) |
| each strand of DNA in a double helix is | complementary |
| DNA consists of | 2 phosphate backbones joined by a series of bases |
| mutation | any change to the genomic sequence |
| eukaryotic DNA is organized into | chromosomes |
| histones | wound around spool-like proteins |
| by winding and unwinding DNA around histones | cells can expose or hide genes |
| ploidy | number of copies of unique chromosomes in a cell, can vary |
| in diploids, chromosomes come in | homologous pairs |
| sex chromosome | chromosome that pairs during meiosis but differs in copy number between males and females |
| autosome | chromosome that does not differ between sexes |
| gene | segment of DNA nuclotides sequences code for proteins/RNA to regulate expression of other genes |
| gene expression | information from a gene is transformed in to a product |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that builds the single stranded RNA from the DNA during transcription |
| codon | three bases |
| mRNA | acts as a template for building a protein, which amino acid to add , few direct ribosome to start or stop |
| hormones | molecular signals that flows through the body and can alter the expression of genes |
| upstream is __ end and downstream is towards the __ end | 5', 3' |
| upstream | 5 top 3 bottom, promoter |
| downstream | transcription initiation site, transcription unit, terminator |
| gene control region | upstream section of DNA that includes the promoter region that influence transcription of DNA |
| repressor | protein that binds to a sequence of DNA or RNA and inhibits the expression of one or more genes |
| transcription factor | protein that regulates the expression of a gene by binding to a specific DNA sequence in association with gene sequnce |
| enhancer | short sequence of DNA within gene control region where activator proteins bind to initiate gene expression |
| microRNA | enhance or silence gene translation, can block translation |
| exons | protein coding sequnces for many genes are broken into smaller pieces of coding sequnces |
| introns | noncoding sequences |
| RNA splicing | introns are removed so only exons are included in the mature mRNA and used to dictate what proteins are produces |
| spliceosome | a group of proteins that removes introns from transcripts |
| the introns are much ____ than the exons | longer |
| RNA splicing can | create multiple proteins from a single gene (known as alternative splicing) |
| prokaryotic gene expression is primarily controlled in | transcription |
| eukaryotic gene expression | controls at the levels of everything else |
| mobile genetic element | type of DNA that can move/jump around in the genome and plasmids |
| plasmid | molecule of DNA can replicate indepentently of chromosomal DNA |
| vertical gene transfer | receiving genetic material from an ancestor |
| horizontal gene transfer | transfer fo genetic material between organism without reproduction, can be inherited by descent. |
| pseudogenes | nonfunctional |
| point mutation | single base changes fron one nucleotide to another (substitution) |
| insertion mutation | segment of DNA is inserted into the middle of an existing sequence |
| deletion mutation | segment of DNA is deleted accidentally |
| frameshift mutation | insertion of 1 or 2 bases changes the codon, modifying all amino acids coded downstream |
| duplication | DNA is copied a second time |
| inversion | DNA is flipped around and inserted backwards into original position |
| chromosome fusion | two chromosomes are joined together |
| aneuploidy | chromosomes are duplicated or lost |
| genome duplication | leads to increased ploidy |
| cis-acting element | DNA located near a gene that influences the expression of that gene |
| trans-acting segment element | DNA located away from a gene that code for a protein, microRNA, diffusible molecules |
| somatic mutation | mutation affects cells in the body of an organism, not passed down to offspring in animals |
| germline mutation | affects the gametes of an individual, transmitted from parents to offspring, inheritable genetic variation (passed on) |
| albinism | point mutation |
| point mutations are | relatively common but rare large mutations can change many more base pairs |
| independent assortment ensures | novel combinations of alleles |
| genes are inherited | independently of each other (punnet squares) |
| recombinations genrates | variation |
| genetic recombination | production of gametes, each pair of chromosomes crosses over and exchanges segments of DNA |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an individual |
| phenotype | observable, measurable characteristics as the manifestation of the genotype of an organism |
| simple polymorphisms can produce | differences in phenotype |
| sometimes a single genotype can produce | multiple phenotypes |
| polyphenic trait | single genotype produces multiple phenotypes depending on environment |
| quantitative traits have | continuous distribution of phenotypic variation, generate a normal distribution |
| QTL analysis can help discover | genes influencing quantitative traits |
| morphogen | signaling molecule that flows between nearby cells, alters the expression of targeted genes |
| phenotypic plasticity | changes phenotype produced by a single genotype in different environments, tailors organism to environment |
Created by:
jcava141
Popular Ecology sets