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AP Biology
Unit 4. Cell communication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Population | All the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place; one of several interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species living in the same geographical area. |
| Signaling molecule | A chemical messenger that functions in cell communication by affecting activities of other cells. |
| Target Cell | A cell that has receptor proteins that can bind to a specific signaling molecule. |
| Ligand | A signaling molecule with a molecular shape and distribution of charge that allows it to match up with and bind to a complementary receptor protein. |
| Quorum Sensing | Density-dependent production of signal molecules in bacteria that leads to population responses, such as bioluminescence or DNA uptake. |
| Hormone | A signaling molecule that is transported in the circulatory system by endocrine signaling. |
| Plasmodesmata | Connections between two adjacent plant cells that permit molecules and other substances to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another. |
| Sensor | In homeostasis, the component that detects a stimulus. |
| Set Point | In homeostasis, the typical physiological value of a particular parameter, such as body temperature or blood glucose levels, which is actively maintained by the body with very little fluctuation. |
| Negative Feedback | A process in which the response or output of a system opposes the initial stimulus, resulting in steady conditions, or homeostasis. |
| Positive Feedback | A pattern of response in which the output or signal of a communication system increases the activity in the same system that produced the signal. |
| Signal Transduction | The process by which an external signal is converted to an internal response. |
| Amplification | The process in which a small number of signaling molecules can generate a very large response. |
| G Protein-coupled receptor protein | A receptor protein in cell membranes that is associated with a G protein that in turn alters activity of adenylyl cyclase and other generators of second messengers in responding cells. |
| Second messenger | An intermediate signaling molecule that amplifies a response inside a cell. |
| Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | Derived from ATP and serves as an intracellular second messenger in many signal transduction pathways. |
| Kinase | An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule. |
| Signaling cascade | A series of chemical reactions inside of a cell that are initiated by a signal and are typically amplified to produce a large cellular response. |
| Receptor-protein kinase | A receptor protein in cell membranes that have kinase activity that is activated after binding to an extracellular signaling molecule. |
| Ligand-gated channel | Receptor proteins in cell membranes that alter membrane permeability to ions after binding to an extracellular hydrophilic signaling molecule. |
| Gene expression | The production of a functional gene product, such as a protein; the “turning on” of a gene. |
| Mutation | Any heritable change in the genetic material, usually a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. |
| Agonist | A ligand that binds a receptor and leads to a response. |
| Antagonist | A ligand that binds a receptor and inhibits a response. |
| Cell Division | The process by which a parent cell gives rise to two daughter cells. |
| Asexual Reproduction | The reproduction of organisms in which an offspring inherits its DNA from a single parent. |
| Mitosis | The stage of M phase that produces two identical nuclei during the eukaryotic cell cycle. |
| Cytokinesis | The stage of M phase in which the cytosol, organelles, and duplicated nuclei from one eukaryotic cell divide into two daughter cells. |
| Chromosome | A cellular structure containing the genetic material in cells, consisting of a single DNA molecule with associated proteins. |
| Cell Cycle | The collective name for the steps that make up the life cycle of a eukaryotic cell, including DNA replication and mitotic cell division. |
| M Phase | One of two major phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle, consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis. |
| Interphase | One of two major phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle, in which the cell copies its DNA and synthesizes proteins necessary for mitosis. |
| S phase | The phase during interphase in which the cell copies its DNA; the S phase follows the phase but precedes the phase. |
| Sister chromatid | The two copies of a chromosome resulting from DNA duplication that remain connected at the centromere. |
| G1 Phase | The phase in the cell cycle in which cells pause between M phase and S phase; it may last for periods ranging from days to more than a year. |
| G2 Phase | The phase during interphase in which the cell synthesizes regulatory proteins controlling the eukaryotic cell cycle. |
| G0 Phase | The phase during interphase after DNA has been replicated, characterized by increases in cell size and protein contents. |
| Chromatin | Inside the eukaryotic nucleus, chromatin refers to the assemblage of DNA, RNA, and protein that fills the nucleus. ( |
| Prophase | The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes condense and become visible through the microscope. |
| Mitotic Spindle | A structure in the cytosol made up predominantly of microtubules that pull the chromosomes into separate daughter cells. |
| Centrosome | A compact structure that is the microtubule organizing center for animal cells. |
| Prometaphase | The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope breaks down and the microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes. |
| Kinetochores | The protein complex on a chromatid where the mitotic spindle attaches. |
| Metaphase | The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes align in the middle of the dividing cell. |
| Anaphase | The phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate. |
| Telophase | The phase of mitosis in which the nuclei of the daughter cells are formed and the chromosomes uncoil to their original state. |
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DrStokes
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