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AP Biology

Unit 4. Cell communication

QuestionAnswer
Population All the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place; one of several interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species living in the same geographical area.
Signaling molecule A chemical messenger that functions in cell communication by affecting activities of other cells.
Target Cell A cell that has receptor proteins that can bind to a specific signaling molecule.
Ligand A signaling molecule with a molecular shape and distribution of charge that allows it to match up with and bind to a complementary receptor protein.
Quorum Sensing Density-dependent production of signal molecules in bacteria that leads to population responses, such as bioluminescence or DNA uptake.
Hormone A signaling molecule that is transported in the circulatory system by endocrine signaling.
Plasmodesmata Connections between two adjacent plant cells that permit molecules and other substances to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another.
Sensor In homeostasis, the component that detects a stimulus.
Set Point In homeostasis, the typical physiological value of a particular parameter, such as body temperature or blood glucose levels, which is actively maintained by the body with very little fluctuation.
Negative Feedback A process in which the response or output of a system opposes the initial stimulus, resulting in steady conditions, or homeostasis.
Positive Feedback A pattern of response in which the output or signal of a communication system increases the activity in the same system that produced the signal.
Signal Transduction The process by which an external signal is converted to an internal response.
Amplification The process in which a small number of signaling molecules can generate a very large response.
G Protein-coupled receptor protein A receptor protein in cell membranes that is associated with a G protein that in turn alters activity of adenylyl cyclase and other generators of second messengers in responding cells.
Second messenger An intermediate signaling molecule that amplifies a response inside a cell.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) Derived from ATP and serves as an intracellular second messenger in many signal transduction pathways.
Kinase An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule.
Signaling cascade A series of chemical reactions inside of a cell that are initiated by a signal and are typically amplified to produce a large cellular response.
Receptor-protein kinase A receptor protein in cell membranes that have kinase activity that is activated after binding to an extracellular signaling molecule.
Ligand-gated channel Receptor proteins in cell membranes that alter membrane permeability to ions after binding to an extracellular hydrophilic signaling molecule.
Gene expression The production of a functional gene product, such as a protein; the “turning on” of a gene.
Mutation Any heritable change in the genetic material, usually a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene.
Agonist A ligand that binds a receptor and leads to a response.
Antagonist A ligand that binds a receptor and inhibits a response.
Cell Division The process by which a parent cell gives rise to two daughter cells.
Asexual Reproduction The reproduction of organisms in which an offspring inherits its DNA from a single parent.
Mitosis The stage of M phase that produces two identical nuclei during the eukaryotic cell cycle.
Cytokinesis The stage of M phase in which the cytosol, organelles, and duplicated nuclei from one eukaryotic cell divide into two daughter cells.
Chromosome A cellular structure containing the genetic material in cells, consisting of a single DNA molecule with associated proteins.
Cell Cycle The collective name for the steps that make up the life cycle of a eukaryotic cell, including DNA replication and mitotic cell division.
M Phase One of two major phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle, consisting of mitosis and cytokinesis.
Interphase One of two major phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle, in which the cell copies its DNA and synthesizes proteins necessary for mitosis.
S phase The phase during interphase in which the cell copies its DNA; the S phase follows the phase but precedes the phase.
Sister chromatid The two copies of a chromosome resulting from DNA duplication that remain connected at the centromere.
G1 Phase The phase in the cell cycle in which cells pause between M phase and S phase; it may last for periods ranging from days to more than a year.
G2 Phase The phase during interphase in which the cell synthesizes regulatory proteins controlling the eukaryotic cell cycle.
G0 Phase The phase during interphase after DNA has been replicated, characterized by increases in cell size and protein contents.
Chromatin Inside the eukaryotic nucleus, chromatin refers to the assemblage of DNA, RNA, and protein that fills the nucleus. (
Prophase The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes condense and become visible through the microscope.
Mitotic Spindle A structure in the cytosol made up predominantly of microtubules that pull the chromosomes into separate daughter cells.
Centrosome A compact structure that is the microtubule organizing center for animal cells.
Prometaphase The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope breaks down and the microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes.
Kinetochores The protein complex on a chromatid where the mitotic spindle attaches.
Metaphase The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes align in the middle of the dividing cell.
Anaphase The phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate.
Telophase The phase of mitosis in which the nuclei of the daughter cells are formed and the chromosomes uncoil to their original state.
Created by: DrStokes
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