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AP Biology
Unit 3. Cell energetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Kinetic Energy | The energy of motion. |
| Potential Energy | Stored energy related to an object’s structure or position. |
| Chemical Energy | A form of potential energy held in the chemical bonds between pairs of atoms in a molecule. |
| Metabolic Pathway | A series of chemical reactions that build or break down molecules in cells. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) | A chemical relative of ATP that is composed of the base adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose, and two phosphate groups. ADP contains less chemical energy than ATP does. |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | The law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form into another. |
| Entropy | The amount of disorder, or the number of possible positions and motions of molecules, in a system. |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | The principle that the transformation of energy is associated with an increase in the degree of disorder in the universe. |
| Gibbs free energy (G) | The amount of energy available to do work. |
| Exergonic | Describes reactions with a negative ∆G that proceed spontaneously and release energy. |
| Endergonic | Describes reactions with a positive ∆G that are not spontaneous and so require an input of energy. |
| Energetic coupling | The driving of a non-spontaneous reaction by a spontaneous reaction. |
| Catabolism | The set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units and, in the process, produce ATP to meet the energy needs of the cell. |
| Anabolism | The set of chemical reactions that build molecules from smaller units utilizing an input of energy, usually in the form of ATP. Anabolic reactions result in net energy storage within cells and the organism. |
| Enzyme | A protein that functions as a catalyst to accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction. |
| Catalyst | A compound that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, but emerges from the process unaltered. |
| Transition State | The brief time in a chemical reaction in which chemical bonds in the reactants are broken and new bonds in the product are formed. |
| Activation Energy | The energy input necessary to reach the transition state. |
| Substrate | A molecule acted upon by an enzyme; also called a reactant. |
| Active Site | The portion of an enzyme that binds substrate and converts it to product. |
| Denature | Unfold, as a protein. A protein that unfolds loses its function, as the shape of a protein is closely connected to its function. |
| Activator | A compound that increases the activity of an enzyme. |
| Inhibitor | A compound that decreases the activity of an enzyme. |
| Allosteric Site | A site other than the active site of an enzyme. |
| Reduction | A chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy. |
| Oxidation | A chemical reaction in which a molecule loses electrons and energy. |
| Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide | An electron carrier in many biochemical reactions; the reducing agent used in the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis. |
| Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain | A series of redox reactions in which light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is used to power the movement of electrons; in oxygenic photosynthesis, the electrons ultimately come from water, and the terminal electron acceptor is . |
| Light Reaction | The series of chemical reactions during photosynthesis in which the energy of sunlight is used to synthesize NADPH and ATP. |
| Calvin Cycle | The process in which carbon dioxide is reduced to synthesize carbohydrates, with ATP and NADPH as the energy sources. |
| Stroma | The region of the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoid, where the Calvin cycle takes place. |
| Visible Light | The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum apparent to our eyes. |
| Reaction Center | Specially configured chlorophyll molecules where light energy is converted into electron transport. |
| Photosystem | A protein–pigment complex that absorbs light energy to drive redox reactions and thereby sets the photosynthetic electron transport chain in motion. |
| ATP synthase | An enzyme that couples the movement of protons through the enzyme with the synthesis of ATP. |
| Photophosphorylation | The process by which energy from sunlight drives the movement of electrons along an electron transport chain, which leads to the synthesis of ATP. |
| Cellular Respiration | A series of chemical reactions in which organic molecules are oxidized to carbon dioxide, converting the energy stored in organic molecules to ATP. |
| Substrate-level phosphorylation | A way of generating ATP in which a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an organic molecule, which acts as a phosphate donor or substrate. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | A set of chemical reactions that occurs by passing electrons along an electron transport chain to a final electron acceptor, oxygen, pumping protons across a membrane, and using the proton electrochemical gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP. |
| Glycolysis | The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration. |
| Krebs cycle | The third stage of cellular respiration, in which acetyl-CoA is broken down and carbon dioxide is released; also called the citric acid cycle. |
| Chemiosmosis | The movement of ions, such as hydrogen ions (protons), from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane, similar to the movement of water by osmosis. |
| Fermentation | A variety of metabolic pathways that produce ATP from the partial oxidation of organic molecules without oxidative phosphorylation or an electron acceptor, such as oxygen. |
Created by:
DrStokes
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