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Circ and Resp. Sys.
BIO 2 EXAM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| diffusion | small molecules such as O2 and CO2 move between cells (at short distances) and their immediate surroundings by way of... |
| gastrovascular cavity | functions in the distribution of substances throughout the body |
| open circulatory system | in insects, arthropods, and some molluscs circulatory fluid bathes the organs directly in an ___ |
| hemolymph | the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells |
| closed circulatory system | in a ___the circulatory fluid called blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid |
| arteries | branch into arterioles and carry blood away from the heart to capillaries |
| veins | venules converge into __ and return blood from capillaries to the heart |
| atria; ventricles | blood enters through __ and is pumped out through __ |
| single circulation | blood leaving the heart passes through tow capillary beds before returning |
| double circulation | in amphibians, reptiles, mammals; oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood is pumped separately from right/left sides of the heart; maintains higher blood pressure in organs |
| right side of the heart | the ____ delivers oxygen poor blood to the capillary beds of the gas exchange tissues |
| left side of the heart | the ____ propels oxygenated blood to capillary beds in organs and tissues |
| systemic circuit | oxygen poor blood returns to the heart completing the ______ |
| cardiac cycle | one complete sequence of pumping and filling the heart with blood |
| systole | the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle |
| diastole | the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle |
| atrioventricular (AV) valves | separate each atrium and ventricle |
| semilunar valves | control blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery |
| heart murmur | backflow of blood through a defective valve |
| sinoatrial (SA) node | pacemaker; sets the rate and timing at which all other cardiac muscle cells contract |
| central lumen | a vessels cavity |
| endothelium | epithelial layer that lines blood vessels and minimizes resistance to blood flow |
| pulse | the rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat |
| during systole... | arterial blood pressure is highest when the heart contracts |
| during diastole... | the elastic walls of the arteries snap back |
| homeostatic mechanisms | regulate arterial blood pressure by altering the diameter of arterioles |
| vasoconstriction | the contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls; increases blood pressure |
| vasodilation | the relaxation of smooth muscle in the arterioles; decreases blood pressure |
| precapillary sphincters | rings of smooth muscle at the capillary bed entrance that opens or closes to regulate passage of blood |
| lymphatic system | returns fluid called lymph that leaks out from the capillary beds |
| lymph nodes | organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the bodys defense |
| edema | the swelling caused by disruptions in the flow of lymph |
| plasma | the liquid matrix of blood; can influence blood pH, osmotic pressure, viscosity |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells; transports O2; most numerous blood cell that contains hemoglobin |
| leukocytes | white blood cells; defend by engulfing bacteria and debris or by mounting immune responses against foreign substances |
| platelets | third cellular element; are fragments of cells involved in clotting |
| stem cells | produce red blood cells and platelets; are located in red marrow of bones like the ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, and sternum |
| hemoglobin | the iron-containing protein that transports O2; binds up to four molecules of O2 |
| coagulation | the formation of a solid clot from liquid blood |
| fibrin | forms the framework of a clot |
| thrombus | a blood clot formed within a blood vessel; can block blood flow |
| atherosclerosis | hardening of arteries due to the accumulation of fatty deposits (cholesterol) |
| low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production; bad! |
| high-density lipoprotein (HDL) | scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver; good! |
| inflammation | the bodys reaction to injury; factor in cardiovascular disease |
| heart attack | myocardial infarction; the death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries |
| stroke | the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head |
| statins | drugs that reduce LDL levels and risk of heart attacks |
| gas exchange | the uptake of molecular O2 from the environment and discharge of CO2 to the environment |
| partial pressure | pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases |
| countercurrent exchange system | where blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills |
| tracheal system | insects system; consists of a network of air tubes that branch through the body |
| lungs | an infolding of the body surface, usually divided into numerous pockets |
| pharynx | an intersection where the paths for air and food cross |
| larynx | swallowing moves this organ upward and tips a flap of cartilage over the opening of the trachea (windpipe) |
| cilia | lines the epithelium of the air ducts and moves particles up to the pharynx |
| gas exchange takes place in... | alveoli, air sacs, at the tips of bronchioles |
| surfactants | air secretions the coat the surface of the alveoli |
| positive pressure breathing | amphibians; ventilation of the lungs which forces air down the trachea |
| negative pressure breathing | mammals; ventilation of the lungs which pulls air into lungs |
| tidal volume | volume of air inhaled with each breath |
| vital capacity (VC) | the maximum tidal volume |
| residual volume (RV) | after exhalation; the remaining air in the lungs |
| medulla | adjusts breathing rate and depth to match metabolic demands |
| respiratory pigments | circulate in blood or hemolymph and greatly increase the amount of oxygen that is transported; mainly hemoglobin |
| Bohr shift | when CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 |
| myoglobin proteins | where O2 can be stored in muscles of deep diving air breathers |
Created by:
lainey2790
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