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Nervous Sys
BIO 2 EXAM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| neurons | nerve cells that transfer information within the body |
| electrical signals | long distance signals used to communicate |
| chemical signals | short distance signals used to communicate |
| ganglia | simple clusters of neurons that process information |
| brain | more complex organization of neurons |
| cell body | most of a neurons organelles are here |
| dendrites | highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons |
| axon | much longer extension, transmits signals to other cells |
| axon hillock | cone-based shape of an axon where signals are generated |
| synapse | junction where branched ends of axons transmit signals to other cells |
| neurotransmitters | passes information from the transmitting neuron to the receiving cell |
| glial cells | supporting cells required by neurons in vertebrates and most invertebrates |
| nervous systems process information in 3 stages: | sensory input, integration, motor output |
| sensory neurons | transmits information about external stimuli or internal conditions to processing centers (brain/spinal cord) |
| interneurons | integrate the sensory input |
| motor neurons | transmit signals to glands or muscle cells, causing a response |
| CNS | neurons that carry out integration are often organized here (brain and spinal cord) |
| PNS | neurons that carry information into and out of the CNS |
| nerves | PNS neurons bundled together form these |
| resting potential | the membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals |
| membrane potential | the inside of a cell is negatively charged relative to the outside; this difference is a source of potential energy termed... |
| sodium-potassium pump | use the energy of ATP to maintain these K+ and Na+ gradients across the plasma membrane; Na+ outside, K+ inside |
| ion channels | selective permeable channels that allow ions to pass through |
| equilibrium potential | the membrane voltage for a particular ion at equilibrium |
| gated ion channels | open or close in response to stimuli |
| voltage gated ion channels | opens or closes in response to a shift in the voltage across the plasma membrane of a neuron |
| hyperpolarization | an increase in magnitude of the membrane potential |
| depolarization | reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential |
| graded potentials | changes in polarization where the magnitude of the change varies with the strength of the stimulus; decay with distance from the source |
| action potential | a depolarization shifts the membrane potential sufficiently, resulting in a massive change in membrane voltage |
| refractory period | after an action potential, a second action potential cannot be initiated; result of a temporary inactivation of Na+ channels |
| inactivated Na+ channels behind the zone of depolarization | prevent the action potential from traveling backward |
| myelin sheath | Insulation around axons that enables fast conduction of action potentials |
| nodes of ranvier | action potentials are formed here; gaps in the myelin sheath where voltage gated ion channels are found |
| saltatory conduction | a process in which action potentials in myelinated axons jump between the nodes of ranvier |
| ligand-gated ion channels | direct synaptic transmission involves binding of neurotransmitters to these in the postsynaptic cell |
| excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSPs) | depolarizations that bring the membrane potential toward threshold |
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSPs) | hyperpolarizations that move the membrane potential further from threshold |
| summation | individual postsynaptic potentials can combine to produce a larger postsynaptic potential called... |
| acetylcholine | common neurotransmitter in both vertebrates and invertebrates; vital for muscle stimulation, memory formation, learning, etc. |
| nerve net | interconnected nerve cells that control contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular cavity |
| reflexes | the body's automatic response to stimuli |
| gray matter | consists of neuron cell bodies |
| white matter | consists of bundles of myelinated axons |
| motor system | carries signals to skeletal muscle and can be voluntary or involuntary |
| autonomic nervous system | regulates smooth and cardiac muscles; generally involuntary |
| enteric division | controls activity of the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder |
| sympathetic division | regulates the fight or flight response |
| parasympathetic division | generates opposite responses in target organs and promotes calming and a return to "rest and digest" functions |
| sensory reception | detection of stimuli by sensory receptors |
| sensory receptors | interact directly with stimuli, both inside and outside the body |
| sensory transduction | conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor |
| receptor potential | graded; magnitude varies with the strength of stimulus |
| perception | the brains construction of stimuli |
| amplification | the strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction |
| sensory adaptation | a decrease in responsiveness to continued stimulation |
| mechanoreceptors | sense physical deformation caused by stimuli such as pressure, touch, motion |
| electromagnetic receptors | detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity, magnetism |
| thermoreceptors | detect heat and cold |
| pain receptors | detect stimuli that reflect conditions that could damage animal tissues |
| chemoreceptors | transmit information about he total solute concentration of a solution |
| statocysts | most invertebrates sense gravity and maintain equilibrium using mechanoreceptors located in organs called... |
| hair cells | pressure waves in the vestibular canal cause the basilar membrane to vibrate and attached ___ to vibrate |
| round window | the fluid waves dissipate when they strike the __ at the end of the vestibular canal |
| volume | the amplitude of the sound wave |
| pitch | the frequency of the sound wave |
Created by:
lainey2790
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