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Child Psych Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Child Psychology | -Subset of developmental psychology -Studies the range of development but limits from conception to puberty |
| Developmental Psychology | -Branch of psychology that look on how people change and grow through physical, motor, socioeconomic, intellectual, and linguistic |
| John Locke | -Tabula Rosa -Children are born with a blank slate and experiences shape their development -Experiences can alter the brain and help is develop |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | -Noble savages -They can be shaped to become more civilized and through experiences children can learn and be guided to bring their natural instincts aline with their social environment -Overtime, they can achieve civilization |
| Wilhelm Prayer | -Wrote the first book on child development -Observations on behaviors of children - observed his own children |
| Jean Piaget | -Stages of development -Studied his three children on how they think, process, ect -Cognitive developmental psychology |
| Urie Bronfrenbrenner | -Ecological systems - chronosystem -Microsystem (house), mesosystem (neighborhood, school), exosystem, macrosystem |
| Mamie and Kenneth Clark | -Desegregation of the political systems of the US -Both white and black children preferred white dolls -Promoting idea that children absorb what they're seeing and experiences -Can experience internalized oppression |
| Charles Darwin | Evolution and natural selection |
| Stanley Hall | -Part of the eugenics movement -Wrote the first book on adolescence psychology |
| Major themes in Child Psychology | -Nature and nurture -Sociocultural context -How child plays role in own development -How prominent are-Classical conditioning |
| Theories in Child Psychology - Learning Theories | -Classical conditioning -Operant conditioning -Social learning |
| Theories in child psychology - Cognitive-developmental psychology | -Children can think, process, ect -Piaget |
| Theories in child psychology - Information-Processing Psychology | -Erikson -Psychological stages of development |
| Theories in child psychology - Contextual | -Brunfenbrenner -Vygotsky -Sociocultural influence on learning |
| Ethics in Child Psychology | Informed consent No physical or mental harm Debriefing Confidentiality Have to give any material possession researcher promised participants |
| Operational definition | How to you define and construct what you want to measure Important qualitative and qualitative measure |
| Triangulation | Three different methods to collect data used to get as much information as the researcher can |
| Naturalistic observation | Seeing and collecting data through observation in the participants natural setting |
| Structured observation | Observing children in a lab setting More control and able to control environmental factors |
| Interviews | Asking questions to children -Important to not ask leading questions, eye contact with child at same level, patience |
| Experimental Design | Manipulated the independent variables(s) Correlations are not causations |
| Cross-sectional Design | Collecting data from many individuals all at the same point in time |
| Sequential Design | Includes both aspects of longitudinal and cross-sectional design Followed over time but are different ages |
| Case study Analysis | Only focusing on one particular child Part of the analysis is to gain a lot of information about that child Good for when children go through a traumatic event |
| Longitudinal Design | Research goes for a long period of time Months to years |
| Microgenetic | Child psychologist was doing observational studies, will plant themselves in a place where children are on cusp of developing a particular skill Skill could emerge, and available to observe that particular phenomena |
| Meta-analytic | Bringing together a big number of studies about one subject Doing analysis of secondary data |
| DNA | Part of the gene structure |
| Ethology | Child may receive certain physical characteristics passed on from a previous generation, so to the child inherits certain behavioral traits to survive |
| Zygote | Fusion of the egg and the sperm After 14 days it becomes the blasticies |
| Cohort Effect | How children being born in a particular time period affect their development and childhood |
| Phenotype | Expressed observable characteristics (height, hair color, eye color) Equal to genotype and our environment |
| Genotype | Genetic potential Females is XX Males is XY |
| Amniocentesis | A needle is inserted into the belly and extracts amniotic fluid, which is tested for chromosomes, and determines if child is normative or not Moment of decision to whether keep or abort Needle can hit the fetus and cause instant death |
| Germinal period | First two weeks of the fertilization of the egg |
| Embryonic period | 14 up to seventh week (2 months) Skeleton and muscle being developed Cardiovascular system being developed |
| Fetal | Eighth week to birth Rapid development and growth Fetal movements Brain continues to grow, myelination is taking place |
| Perinatal | Anytime from the 7 month of pregnancy up to and including the 28 days after birth |
| Postnatal | Anything after birth |
| Placenta | Grows inside the womb Network of blood vessels and capillaries Site where nutrients and waste products are exchanged between maternal and fetal blood systems Needs to be expelled -If unable to expel - mother dies during birth |
| Umbilical cord | Becomes a connection between mother and placenta Cord can et wrapped around head and other fatal things to baby during birth |
| Sudden Infant Death (aka Crib Death) | Having a child exposed to secondhand smoke who dies an unexpected death Happens during winter months and environments that are either too hot or cold Happens when children too bundled up or overcrowded crib Happens when not fully burped |
| Breech | Foot or shoulders are the first to come out Results in a c-section |
| Vernix Caseosa | When baby is born, there's a cheese like oily substance that covers the newborn Natural lubricant to help go through birth canal |
| Apgar Test | Provides measure of babies vital score See if baby is okay and healthy If lower than 7, then most likely stillbirth Score 7-10 is normal |
| Assisted Reproductive Techniques - In-vitro fertilization | Vitro - test tube Sperm and egg are united in a dish in a lab Once zygote is formed, they implant it in the uterus walls |
| Assisted Reproductive Techniques - Egg donation | Women (mostly younger) can donate their eggs |
| Assisted Reproductive Techniques - Sperm donation | Specific traits are recruited - height, beauty, talented, ect Can have hundreds of children without knowing |
| Assisted Reproductive Techniques - Gamete intrafallopian transfer | Gamete - egg or sperm Inserting egg or sperm into the fallopian tube |
| Assisted Reproductive Techniques - Zygote intrfallopian transfer | Fertilized egg and sperm Interesting zygote into the fallopian tube |
| teratogens | Different aspects of environment that can impact a child's development in the womb that can then cause defects of the child |
| Teratology | Pregnant women have to be educated on the internal and environmental impacts that can negatively impact child |
| Three stages of childbirth | Uterine contractions and cervix dilations Decent down the birth canal Expulsion of the placenta |
| Medications administered during labor | Epidural, acetaminophen, |
| C-section risks | Surgery, longer hospital stays, cannot breastfeed for weeks, no sex, blood clots, pain, infection, death |
| Identify at least three medical reasons for a C-section | Baby too large, imbreeched, transverse baby, twins |
| Orphan Train | Many orphans labeled as laborers, especially boys People wanted to stop the orphan train to focus on orphans already in the states, eventually making the train pay to bring orphans into the states |
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