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Marine Mammal test 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Epidermis | outer layer |
| Dermis | middle layer: hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and the root of claws |
| Hypodermis | deep layer: blubber |
| 3 layers of epidermis | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum |
| stratum corneum | layer of flattened, solid, keratinized cells |
| Pinniped epidermis | keratinized cells are lubricated by lipids from sebaceous glands (waterproof) |
| Cetacean epidermis | cutaneous ridges and rete ridges. 10–20 times thicker than in terrestrial mammals |
| Pinniped Dermis | hair follicles |
| Cetacean Dermis | thin, absence of hair follicles and sebaceous and sweat glands, dermae papillae |
| Sirenian Dermis | very thick dermis formed by dermal papillae (tactile function) and a subpapillary layer |
| Pinniped skin color | numerous melanocytes in the basal layers of dark regions in epidermis |
| Cetacean color patterns | uniform, spotted or striped, saddled or countershading |
| 3 main types of barnacles found on cetaceans | mound-shaped acorn barnacles, stalked or ship barnacles and pseudo-stalked barnacles |
| Skin External Parasites | Diatoms, whale lice, and barnacles |
| The hair or pelage of pinnipeds, sea otters, and the polar bears consists of two layers: | 1. outer protective guard hairs 2. inner soft underfur hairs |
| Phocids and the walrus | lack underfur • hairs arranged in clusters of 2–4 or in rows |
| sea otter fur | the densest pelage of any mammal: for heat loss in this relatively small marine homeotherm. • The guard hairs of the sea otter are typically medulated and underfur hairs often are medulated at their base. • The pelage is coated with squalene |
| squalene | hydrophobic liquid that aids in waterproofing the fur + provides protection against bacterial infections |
| Cetacean hair | absence of glands and hair, except for bristle-like hairs (vibrissae) that occur around the mouth |
| Sirenian hair | also lack glands in their skin and have dense vibrissae on the face, and sparse hair scattered over the dorsal surface of the body |
| Pinniped skin glands | sebaceous glands are associated with each hair canal -> secretions to keep the epidermis pliable • sweat glands with guard hair follicles, and their ducts open into the follicle |
| Sea otter skin glands | sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles (with squalene) |
| Pinniped Vibrissae | stiff hairs composed of a follicle sinus complex that has various embedded mechanoreceptors |
| Types of Vibrissae | 1. rhinal (just posterior to the nostrils), 2. superciliary (supraorbital) 3. mystacial (under the nose and onto the cheeks). |
| Cetacean Vibrissae | only on the head, distributed along the margins of the upper and lower jaws -> sensory role |
| Sirenian Vibrissae | lightly scattered over the body, denser and very robust on the muzzle and around the mouth |
| Sea otter vibrissae | mystacial, superciliary, and rhinal vibrissae, with mystacial whiskers |
| polar bear vibrissae | vibrissae are few in number, and are very stiff |
| pinniped brain | higly convoluted brain, larger than terrestrial carnivores; olfactory area is reduced but auditory and vissual are well developed |
| cetacean brain | similar to human large size of cerebral hemispheres, highly convoluted increased relative size of the auditory processing region |
| Sirenian brain | small brain, no convultions; divided by a deep, wide, longitudinal fissure |
| tapetum lucidum | the eye more light sensitive, especially under low-light conditions |
| Harderian glands | which produce an oily mucus to protect the eye |
| ciliary musculature | which changes the refractive power of the lens, is especially well developed in pinnipeds and completely lacking in toothed whales |
| hyoid bone | serves as the point of attachment for the tongue muscles |
| otariids skull | large, shelf-like supraorbital processes of the frontal bones |
| walrus skull | large maxilla for the upper canine tusk - entire skull heavily ossified and shortened anteriorly - lacks development of supraorbital processes |
| phocid skull | lack of supraorbital processes - nasal that narrow posteriorly |
| otariids vertebral column | cervical vertebrae are large, with welldeveloped transverse processes and neural spines associated with muscle - strong dorsal to the spine and anterior thoracic region musculature in support of swimming |
| walrus vertebral column | have cervical vertebrae that are smaller than the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae |
| phocid vertebral column | have cervical vertebrae that are smaller than the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae rigid thoracic region attached to a highly flexible lumbar region |
| otariid swimming method | Pectoral oscillation (forelimb swimming) |
| phocid swimming method | pelvic oscillation (hindlimb swimming). Seals also undulate the lumbosacral region of their bodies |
| walrus swimming method | variant of the pelvic oscillation (hindlimb swimming). The hindlimbs generate the dominant propulsive force; forelimbs are used either as paddles at slower speeds • The forelimb stroke cycle is bilateral and contains both power and recovery strokes. |
| coronoid process | attachment of the temporalis muscles and is reduced in odontocetes |
| cetacean skull | skull is telescoped |
| odontocete skull | the premaxilla and maxilla extend posteriorly and laterally to override the frontals and crowd the parietals laterally |
| mysticeti skull | the maxilla extend posteriorly underneath the frontal the entire facial region is expanded, and the rostrum is arched to accommodate the baleen plates (hang from the upper jaw) |
| Degree of arching | slightly arched - balaenopterids (less than 5% • moderately arched - the gray whale and the pygmy right whale (10 and 17%, respectively) • greatly arched (over 20%) - the balaenids |
| What makes up a melon | triglycerides and wax esters |
| odontocete jaws | lower jaws, or mandibles is straight and posteriorly has thin walls that form the fat-filled pan bone -> primary site of sound reception • coronoid process of moderate size |
| mysticeti jaws | Mandible curves laterally and the pan bone are missing • Coronoid process developed (feeding) |
| cetacean vertebrae | C7, T 1–12, L usually 9–24 (range 2–30), C usually 15–45 Lack defined sacral vertebrae |
| Boundaries between vertebrae in cetaceans | The boundaries between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions -> ribs lumbar and caudal -> chevron bones |
| cetacean flippers | ball-and-socket articulation -> the scapula permits a flexion–extension, abduction–adduction, and rotation humerus, radius, and ulna are relatively short and flattened |
| cetacean fluke | cutaneous layer, subcutaneous blubber layer, ligamentous layer, core of extremely tough, dense, fibrous tissue within the ligamentous envelope supported centrally by dorsoventrally compressed caudal vertebrae that extend almost to the fluke notch |
| cetacean dorsal fin | not by bone but by tough fibrous tissue similar in structure to flukes |
| cetacean locomotion | caudal oscillators, vertical movements of the flukes driven by the alternate actions of the epaxial and hypaxial muscles |
| Sirenians Skull | The premaxillae are downturned lower jaw is massive with lipid-filled structure |
| sirenian vertebrae column | Elongation of thoracic vertebrae |
| Respiratory quotient | CO2 produced/O2 used |
| Methods to reduce heat losses in cold environments | 1. Body size and surface-to-volume ratios 2. Insulation of various types 3. Vascular countercurrent systems |
| lanugo | fetal hair coat |
| Brown fat nonshivering thermogenesis | metabolize high energy fat to produce heat |
| Short breath holds | serve to achieve efficient rates of oxygen assimilation |
| Long breath holds | permit locomotion that is more efficient over extended or even migratory distances |
| Fast breathing | delphinids and phocoenids/ breathe frequently with a high flow rate, short respiratory cycle, and large lung volumes |
| Slow breathing | kogiids, physeterids, and ziphiids, some mysticetes/ are long, slow ventilators with smaller lung volumes and long surface intervals |
| hypoosmotic | body fluids have a lower ionic content than seawater |
| retia mirabilia | Groups of blood vessels |
| Main anatomical adaptations | Heart similar (but larger) to terrestrial mammals but: • increase in diameter in aorta after heart • glycogen stores 2. Circulation: • Retia mirabilia • Venous system: enlarged vena cava draining plexi and hepatic region |
| hemoglobin | → in blood circulating and delivered to organs that most need |
| myoglobin (Mb) | in muscle cells- fixed |
| hematocrit | volume percentage of red blood cells in blood |
| Short-duration divers | large lungs to store oxygen |
| Deep-divers | smaller lungs - empties completely – full gas exchange in a respiratory cycle |
| pinniped breathing | • breathe vigorously and frequently during the recovery phase after prolonged diving • resting or sleeping seals perform long apneas with short periods of rapid respiration • commonly exhale prior to diving |
| cetacean breathing | • exhale and inhale singly but very rapidly on surfacing • Dive with air-filled lungs • can be a signal and helps identify the species • blows contains surfactans: reduce tension and helps of collapsed lungs |
| bradycardia | decline in heart rate |
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