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U-2 Deuterstomes II

BIO

QuestionAnswer
What organism is the closest living relative to tetrapods? Lungfishes
What is the main synapomorphy of tetrapods? four limbs
During which era and period did tetrapods arise? Devonian
The Tiktaalik was one of several transitional forms between what two lineages? Lobed fin fishes and tetrapods
Why do amphibians need to live near bodies of water? Eggs and skin are not resistant to dehydration
What are the extant amphibian lineages? frogs, toads, salamanders
What is the main synapomorphy of amniotes, after which they derive their name? Amniotic egg
Why was the evolution of the amniotic egg crucial for colonization of land? Encloses the embryo in membranes to protect from dehydration. freed tetrapods from water
What two other critical innovations freed amniotes from water? Dehydration resistant skin and water-conserving kidneys to minimize water loss from urination
What are the two sister lineages that arise from early amniotes? Reptiles and synapsids
What are examples of extant reptiles? birds, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles and alligators
What reptile clade do birds belong to? Dinosauria
During what era and period did dinosaurs arise? Early triassic and dominated the mesozoic
During what era and period did birds arise? Jurassic period, metazoic
What happened to non-avian dinosaurs? Died off in the Cretaceous extinction
What are feathers made of and why is this interesting from an evolutionary stand point? Feathers originally served for insulation but later co-opted for flight
During what era and period did mammals arise? Arise in triassic and metazoic but don't dominate until the Cenozoic
What lineage of amniotes do mammals arise from? synapsids
What are the two main synapsid synapomorphies? Enlarged skull, specialized teeth, single opening in the skull behind each orbit
What are the two main mammalian synapomorphies? Hair, mammary gland and milk
Do mammals also have synapsid synapomorphies? Yes?
What is milk made up of? fats + sugars + proteins + vitamins + antibodies
What is hair made out of? What structures in reptiles and in birds are made of this protein? Keratin. Feathers and scales are also made up of this protein.
What event allowed mammals to flourish during the Cenozoic? the cretaceous extinction
What are the three subclasses of mammals? Monotremes, marsupials, placental mammals
What feature distinguishes all three? placenta?
What is unique about how monotremes reproduce? Lay eggs with yolk but no placenta
Examples of monotremes? Platypus
Why are marsupials born so underdeveloped? What structure in marsupials protects the baby until it is fully developed? Females have rudimentary, underdeveloped placenta and embryos rely on its own yolk for nutrients. The marsupium (protective pouch) protect the baby
Examples of marsupials? Kangaroo, koala, wombat
What makes the eutherian placenta a true placenta? It is connected to maternal blood supply
Examples of placental mammals? Humans, wolves, most animals we think of
Created by: grind2027
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