Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Evolution Bio Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | the change in gene/allele frequency (gene pool) of a population over time |
| Mechanism of evolutionary change 1: natural selection | organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring |
| Mechanism of evolutionary change 2: gene flow | any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another->can occur between the same or different species |
| Mechanism of evolutionary change 3: mutation | a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene (could happen randomly or certain things could change DNA like x-rays) |
| Mechanism of evolutionary change 4: non-random mating | when individuals prefer mates with particular characteristics and mate with them |
| Mechanism of evolutionary change 5: genetic drift | ↓in pop.->changes freq. of existing gene bc random chance (alleles disappear->↓genetic variation OR og rare alleles 2 be more freq.) thru founder: og pop. start new pop. w/ diff allele freq. than og OR bottleneck: pop.↓by natural disasters->randos live . |
| why is reproductive isolation crucial for speciation to occur? | Because reproductive isolation prevents populations from sharing a common gene pool, thus the species will eventually not be able to reproduce and have fertile offspring, and will split off into 2 different species |
| Lamarck 1809 | stated changes are adaptions to environment acquired in organism's lifetime and these acquired changes passed to offspring (wrong), Law of Use and Disuse: body part used->strong, not used->deteriorated (wrong), tendency towards perfection (wrong) |
| Malthus 1798 | observed babies born faster than ppl were dying, human pop. size limited by resources such as food supply, influence on Darwin: high birth rates & limited resources would force life & death competition (natural selection) bc best suited will get resources |
| Alfred Wallace 1858 | Darwin returns to England, develops Theory of Evolution but doesn't publish for 25 years until Wallace came to the same conclusion that species changed over time bc of their struggle for existence |
| adaptation | inherited trait that makes organisms better able 2 survive; physical (speed, camouflage) or behavioral (solitary, herds, activity), individuals don't get 2 pick adapt.->qualities already among some individuals->as adapt. are more common species adapts |
| fitness | ability to survive and REPRODUCE-> ex) brown animal that can run 5 mph and produce 10 babies has higher fitness than a black animal that can run 20 mph and produce 5 babies |
| Darwin's theory of natural selection pt 1: | Variation exists within a population of species. Caused by 1. gene shuffling during meiosis (process making sperm/egg), 2. mutations (changes in DNA), 3. environmental changes (diet, radiation, repro. iso.) |
| Darwin's theory of natural selection pt 2: | Some inherited variations are favorable to surviving in an environment (adaptions) |
| Darwin's theory of natural selection pt 3: | More offspring are produced that can survive; there is a struggle for existence->ex) if birch trees are white, more white moth offspring will exist than brown moths |
| Darwin's theory of natural selection pt 4: | Those with favorable traits survive and reproduce (higher fitness), passing on those inherited traits |
| Darwin's theory of natural selection pt 5: | A population's allele frequency (amount of a specific allele) in it's gene pool (all the alleles that exist in a population) will change over time with more organisms with the inherited favorable trait |
| natural selection vs artificial selection | Natural selection is any selection process that occurs as a result of an organism's ability to adapt to its surroundings. Artificial selection is selective breeding imposed by an external entity, humans, to enhance the freq. of desirable features/traits |
| Explain how it is that natural selection cannot fashion “perfect” organisms | Evolution produces individuals that are "good enough" to survive and reproduce. Lack of necessary genetic variation, constraints due to history, & trade-offs (changing one feature 4 better=change another 4 worse) are why NS cant fashion perfect organisms |
| homologous structure as evidence for evolution | Organisms have similar physical structure but different function-->indicates common ancestor that also had this structure |
| vestigial structure as evidence for evolution | An organ that was useful in ancestral organisms but has been pass along to modern organisms even though it's useless, often shrunken in size (tailbone, wisdom teeth, wings on a penguin) |
| DNA similarities as evidence of evolution | The more similar DNA/proteins of two organisms the more closely related they are |
| embryology (developmental evidence) as evidence of evolution | Same groups of embryonic cells grow in the same order and patters (bc of genetic control) to produce organs in all vertebrates-->gives rise to homologous structures & are evidence of common ancestors |
| endosymbiotic theory as evidence of evolution | theory that 1st cells had no nucleus (prokaryotic) then folded in on itself and absorbed bacteria (endocytosis) to have organelles. when the cell copies itself, it copies the bacteria inside too and they become symbiotic (helpful) |
| taxon levels in hierarchical order | Did King Phillip Come Over From Germany Smiling: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| three domains of life | Bacteria (common bacteria), Archaea (non contact w/humans, lives in extreme conditions), Eukarya |
| 6 kingdoms | Bacteria: 1. Eubacteria, Archaea: 2. Archaebacteria, Eukarya: 3. Protista, 4. Fungi, 5. Plantae, 6. Animalia |
| How are species scientifically named? | Using binomial Nomenclature: Genus (italicized), species (italicized) |
| Phylogenic tree | A chart showing evolutionary relationships. Node = common ancestor, line (splitting of a branch)= separation event, box = species |
| gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
| allele | Different forms of a gene (allele for blue vs allele for brown eyes) |
| gene pool | the frequency of a specific gene in a population |
| fossil record and current evidence of history of whale evolution | shows life changes over time (species coming into being/disappearing->extinct/separate) |
| Going back to the beginning of the year, use your knowledge of what a theory is to describe how you would respond to someone if they said, “Natural selection is just a theory”. | Theories never turn 2 laws, no matter how much evidence they support. 2 say that evolution is just a theory is an argument for it, not against it. Nothing better in science than to be a theory. NS is a theory bc its points are proven/based on evidence . |
| biological meaning of species | Biological species is all of the populations of individuals that actually/potentially breed with one another in nature to produce fertile offspring |
| Evidence of Evolution | 1) Fossil Record 2) Geographic distribution 3) Homologous Structures 4) Embryology 5) Vestigial Organs 6) DNA 7) Endosymbiotic theory |
| geographic distribution | descendants from common ancestors across the globe->ex) species in galapagos islands were similar w/slight variations & Darwin concluded they descended with modification from a common ancestor |
| Taxonomy | The scientific study of how living things are classified, the branch of biology that classifies organisms and assigns each organism a universally accepted name |
| Phylogeny | The evolutionary history of an organism represented by the construction of phylogenetic trees |
| frequency | # of specific gene/# in gene pool |
| Discuss/explain the difficulty of defining a species | Same species=same common group of genes (similar gene pool)->common evolutionary history. It's difficult to define a species bc one species might be separating (thru speciation), but the extent of their separation (early, mid, late) is hard to determine |
| reproductive isolation | when barriers prevent populations from sharing a common gene pool |
| behavioral isolation | 2 species attract mates by using different mating calls or courtship rituals |
| geographic isolation | 2 species live in different geographic areas and never meet in the wild |
| habitat isolation | 2 species live in the same geographical area but do not meet because they live in different specific habitats in that area |
| temporal isolation | 2 species breed at different time, they could be separated by as little as a few hours, by season, or even by years |
| mechanical isolation | 2 species cannot breed because they are anatomically (structurally) incompatible |
| gametic isolation | 2 species cannot breed bc their gametes (eggs and sperm) cannot interact, even when they come into contact with each other |
| hybrid sterility | 2 species can breed and the hybrid offspring survive, but these hybrids are sterile |
| reduced hybrid viability | 2 species can breed but the hybrid offspring produced do not live to reproductive age |
| Darwin's 5 points acronym | OCVSRS: overpopulation, competition, variety, selection, reproduction, speciation |
| Analogous structures | NOT EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION, species on diff. continents with diff. ancestors had similar anatomies and behaviors->Darwin concluded due 2 similar ecological conditions, these species subject 2 similar pressures of natural selection->CONVERGENT EVOLUTION |
| LUCA | Last Universal Common Ancestor: estimated to have lived ~4 billion yrs ago when Earth was 560 million years old |
| Speciation | formation of a new species |
| Cladistics/Cladograms | used to create a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms by grouping them into clades based on shared derived characteristics |
| Clades | a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants; monophyletic: ALL descendants came from ONE common ancestor |
Created by:
undercoverkookie68
Popular Biology sets