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Microbio Report 1
FUNDAMENTAL ANATOMY OF THE CELL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| it a complex, semi-rigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell. Its chemical composition is used to differentiate major types of bacteria. | CELL WALL |
| What is the cell wall's function? | prevent cells from rupturing, it helps maintain the shape, serves as a point of anchorage for flagella. Contributes to the ability of some species to cause disease and is the site of action of some antibiotics. |
| The bacterial cell wall is composed of a macromolecular network consists of a repeating disaccharide connected by polypeptides to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the entire cell. | peptidoglycan (also known as murein) |
| It interferes with the final linking of the peptidoglycan rows by peptide cross-bridges. As a result, the cell wall is greatly weakened and the cell undergoes lysis, destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm | Penicillin |
| it is a thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell. | Cytoplasmic/Plasma Membrane |
| It is important to remember that prokaryote bacteria LACK an organic compounds which make the membrane less rigid compared to the eukaryotic membranes | Sterols |
| It is a bacteria that lacks a cell wall which contain sterols over its membrane (that helps in the regulation and the stability of membrane fluidity) | Mycoplasma |
| The cytoplasmic membrane has a unique structure and composition. One of its features is the phospholipid molecules organized into two parallel rows, known as? | LIPID BILAYER |
| The lipid bilayer has two components of phospholipid molecules, determine and describe each. | polar head - composed of a phosphate group and glycerol that is hydrophilic and soluble in water. nonpolar tails - composed of fatty acids that are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. The tails are located in the interior of the bilayer. |
| The special arrangement of proteins is consists of? | Peripheral proteins that acts as a scaffold for support and integral proteins which penetrate the inside of the membrane. |
| Example of integral protein that is able to penetrate the membrane completely. | TRASMEMBRANE PROTEIN |
| It is a proteins that are attached to carbohydrates and also play a role in certain infectious diseases. They play important roles in providing energy and serve as markers for cellular recognition. | GLYCOPROTEINS |
| They are lipids attached to carbohydrates. | GLYCOLIPIDS |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Both glycoproteins and glycolipids help protect and lubricate the cell and are involved in cell-to-cell interactions. | TRUE |
| It is used by scientists to describe what the cell membrane looks and functions like, which also explains the component structure of cytoplasmic membrane. | FLUID MOSAIC MODEL |
| The membrane must be about viscous (like that of an olive oil), which means? | it allows membrane proteins to move freely enough to perform their functions without destroying the structure of the membrane |
| The cytoplasmic membrane has two vital roles. | Its main priority is to serve as a selective barrier through which materials enter and exit the cell. Additionally, the membrane proves to be crucial in the breakdown of nutrients and in the cell’s energy-production |
| This unique ability of the cell to control and differentiate the substances or molecules that come in and out of the cell, is called? | SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY |
| It is made up of the following monosaccharides: ○ N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) ○ N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) | DISACCHARIDE PORTIONS |
| The glycan portion of the peptidoglycan that forms a carbohydrate "backbone". | Alternating NAM and NAG molecules |
| This portion is consist of Tetrapeptide side chains and peptide cross bridge | Polypeptide portion |
| It consist of four amino acids attached to NAMs in the backbone | TETRAPETIDE SIDE CHAIN |
| It links parallel tetrapeptide side chains. | PEPTIDE CROSS BRIDGE |
| Differentiate gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cell wall | gram-positive bacteria, the cell wall consists of many layers of peptidoglycan, forming a thick, rigid structure. Gram-negative cell walls contain only a thin layer of peptidoglycan. They are more susceptible to mechanical breakage..... |
| It is the space between the cell wall and plasma membrane of gram-positive. bacteria | PERIPLASMIC SPACE |
| It is present in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. They may also assume a role in cell growth, preventing extensive wall breakdown and possible cell lysis. provide much of the wall’s antigenic specificity which helps in identifying gram-positive | TEICHOIC ACIDS |
| Two types of Teichoic Acids?? | 1. Lipoteichoic acid ➢ It spans the peptidoglycan layer and is linked to the plasma membrane 2. Wall-Teichoic acid ➢ It is linked to the peptidoglycan layer |
| A gel-like fluid in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria ➔ Where peptidoglycan is bonded to lipoproteins in the outer membrane Contains a high concentration of degradative enzymes and transport proteins. | PERIPLASM |
| The permit the passage of molecules such as nucleotides, disaccharides, peptides, amino acids, vitamin B12, and iron; it is the cause of the outer membrane’s permeability | PORINS |
| A large, complex molecule that contains lipids and carbohydrates ➔ Consists of three components: | LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES |
| What are the three components of LPS | 1. Lipid A 2. Core Polysaccharide 3. 0- Polysaccharide |
| It is the lipid portion of the LPS and is embedded in the top layer of the outer membrane. When gram-negative bacteria die, they release it , which functions as an endotoxin. | LIPID A |
| An LPS component that provides stability. | CORE POLYSACCHARIDE |
| Functions as an antigen and is useful for distinguishing serovars of gram-negative bacteria. Its role is comparable to that of teichoic acids of gram-positive cells—antigenic specificity | O- Polysaccharide |
| What are the two types of Modes of Transport. | 1. Passive Transport 2. Active Transport |
| What are the different kinds of passive transport. | 1. Simple Diffusion 2. Facilitated Diffusion 3. Transported Proteins or Permeases 4. Extracellular Enzymes 5. Osmosis |
| How about the different kinds of Active Transport? | 1. Group Translocation 2. Transport of Sugar Glucose (Phagocytosis, Ednocytosis and Pinocytosis) |
| substances cross the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (move with the concentration gradient or difference), without any expenditure of energy by the cell. | PASSIVE TRANSPORT |
| The net (overall) movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Cells rely on it to transport certain small molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, across their cell membranes | SIMPLE DIFFUSION |
| Integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane ➢ The process differs from simple diffusion in its use of transporters | FACILITATED DIFFUSION |
| These are nonspecific and allow a wide variety of ions or small molecules to pass through channels in integrated membrane proteins | TRANSPORTER PROTEINS or PERMEASES |
| These help break down large molecules into simpler ones (such as proteins into amino acids, or polysaccharides into simple sugars) in order to be transported by transporter proteins. | EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES |
| It is the net movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of water molecules to an area with a low concentration of water molecules. | OSMOSIS |
| It is an Integral membrane proteins that function as water channels | AQUAPORINS |
| It Is the pressure needed to stop the flow of water across the selectively permeable membrane. | OSMOTIC PRESSURE |
| A medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell (iso means equal). | ISOTONIC SOLUTION |
| A medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell (hypo means under or less) ○ Most bacteria live in hypotonic solution | HYPOTONIC SOLUTION |
| rupturing of cells due to immersion in a hypotonic solution | OSMOTIC LYSIS |
| A medium having a higher concentration of solutes than that inside the cell (hyper means above or more) | HYPERTONIC SOLUTION |
| this refers to when bacterial cells shrink in a hypertonic solution | PLASMOLYSIS |
| The cell must use energy (in the form of ATP) to move substances from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration (against the concentration gradient). | ACTIVE TRANSPORT |
| It is a special form of active transport that occurs exclusively in prokaryotes, the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane | GROUP TRANSLOCATION |
| It is when a phosphate group is added to the sugar. This phosphorylated form of glucose, which cannot be transported out, can then be used in the cell’s metabolic pathways. | TRANSPORT OF SUGAR GLUCOSE |
| In bacterial cells, it is the long filamentous appendages that propel the organism , are used in few organisms as sensory organs that can sense changes in pH and temperature. | FLAGELLA |
| What are the three types of flagella? | ATRICHOUS, PERITRICHOUS, and POLAR |
| Bacteria that lack flagella (means ‘without projection’) | ATRICHOUS |
| Flagella distributed over the entire cell | PERITRICHOUS |
| Flagella at one or both poles or ends of the cell | POLAR |
| What are the three parts of flagella structure? | FILAMENT, HOOK, and BASAL BODY |
| It is the long outermost region. It contains a protein arranged in several chains that intertwine and form a helix around a hollow core. In most bacteria, it is not covered by a membrane or sheath, like eukaryotic cells. | FILAMENT |
| It consists of three different proteins and this is where the filament is attached. | HOOK |
| It is the third portion which anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane, is composed of a small central rod inserted into a series of rings. | BASAL BODY |
| Compare and contrast the basal body of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. | Gram-negative bacteria, contains two pairs of rings; the outer pair of rings is anchored to various portions of the cell wall, and the inner pair of rings is anchored to the plasma membrane. ● In gram-positive bacteria, only the inner pair is present. |
| What is the rotation of bacterial flagellum around its long axis? | Either clockwise or counterclockwise |
| By contrast, eukaryotic flagella have what kind of motion? | Undulate in a wavelike motion |
| Flagellar rotation depends on the cell's? | Continuous generation of energy. |
| The bacterial flagellum is a semirigid, helical structure that moves the cell through?? | Rotation from the basal body. |
| The ability of an organism to move by itself? | MOTILITY |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Bacterial cells cannot alter the speed and direction of rotation of flagella and thus are capable of various patterns of motility. | FASLE |
| When a bacterium moves in one direction for a length of time, the movement is called a?? | RUN |
| Runs are interrupted by periodic, abrupt, random changes in direction called?? These are caused by a reversal of flagellar rotation. | TUMBLES |
| It shows a rapid wavelike movement across a solid culture medium. | SWARM |
| The movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus is called?? | TAXIS |
| Such stimuli under the taxis category include chemicals and light, which are respectively called? | CHEMOTAXIS and PHOTOTAXIS |
| If the chemotactic signal is positive, it is called an ?? , the bacteria move toward the stimulus with many runs and few tumbles. | ATTRACTANT |
| If the chemotactic signal is negative, called ?? , the bacteria moves away from the stimulus with many runs and few tumbles. | REPELLANT |
| It is an organelle that allows swimming motility and is present on motile archaeal cells. | ARCHAELLA |
| Pseudomurien contains _____ instead of NAM | N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Archaea generally cannot be Gram-stained but appear gram-negative because they do not contain peptidoglycan | TRUE |
| Archaella consist of glycoproteins called?? | ARCHAELLINS |
| Found anchored at one end of a spirochete, these bundles of fibrils are wrapped around the cell body. They rise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath while spiraling around the cell itself. | AXIAL FILMAENTS or ENDOFLAGELLA |
| These are hair-like appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella. These are involved in forming biofilms and other aggregations on the surfaces of liquids, glass and rock ● Once colonization occurs, the bacteria can cause diseases | FIMBRIAE |
| When this part is absent, colonization CANNOT happen and no disease ensues ● Can help bacteria adhere to the epithelial surfaces of the body ○ Gram-negative bacteria commonly contain these structures/features | FIMBRIAE |
| Where does Fimbriae is located? | Occurs at the poles of the bacterial cell. Can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell |
| These are hair-like appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella. Usually longer than fimbriae, involved in the motility and DNA transfer. | PILI |
| Pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact with a surface or another cell, and then retracts (powerstroke) as the pilin subunits are disassembled. | TWITCHING MOTILITY |
| The model diagram of twitching motility that results in short, jerky, intermittent movements. | GRAPPLING HOOK MODEL |
| Some pili are used to bring bacteria together, to allow the transfer of DNA from one cell to another. | SEX PILI |
| The conjugation pilus of one bacterium called an ___ connects to receptors on the surface of another bacterium of its own species or a different species | F+ cell |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Exchanged DNA can add a new function to the recipient cell, such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to digest its medium more efficiently | TRUE |
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