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AP Biology
Unit 2 Cell Struct
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | The compartment of the cell that houses the DNA in chromosomes. |
| Cytoplasm | The region of the cell outside of the nucleus. |
| Prokaryotic | Describes a cell that does not have a nucleus; used to refer collectively to archaeons and bacteria |
| Eukaryotic | Describes a cell that has a nucleus; used to refer collectively to animals, plants, fungi, and protists |
| Domain | One of the three largest limbs of the tree of life: Eukarya, Bacteria, or Archaea |
| Bacteria | One of the three domains of life, consisting of unicellular organisms that differ from archaea in many aspects of their cell and molecular biology. |
| Archaea | One of the three domains of life, consisting of unicellular organisms that differ from bacteria in many aspects of their cell and molecular biology |
| Eukarya | One of the three domains of life, in which cells have a nucleus. |
| Organelle | Any one of several compartments in a eukaryotic cell that divides the cell contents into smaller spaces specialized for different functions. |
| Cytosol | The region of the cell inside the cell membrane but outside the organelles; the jelly-like internal environment that surrounds the organelles. |
| Surface area | The total area of the outside surface of an object. |
| Vesicle | A small membrane-enclosed sac that transports substances within the cell. |
| Endomembrane System | A cellular system present in eukaryotic cells that includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the cell membrane, and the vesicles that move between them. |
| Nuclear Envelope | The two membranes, inner and outer, that define the boundary of the nucleus. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | An organelle composed of a network of membranes that is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids. |
| Enzyme | A protein that functions as a catalyst to accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction. |
| Golgi Apparatus | An organelle that modifies proteins and lipids produced by the endoplasmic reticulum and acts as a sorting station as they move to their final destinations. |
| Lysosome | A vesicle derived from the Golgi apparatus that contains enzymes that break down macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. |
| Mitochondrium | Specialized organelles that are the site of cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells, oxidizing chemical compounds such as sugars to carbon dioxide and transferring their chemical energy to ATP. |
| Cellular Respiration | A series of chemical reactions in which organic molecules are oxidized to carbon dioxide, converting the energy stored in organic molecules to ATP. |
| Mitochondrial Matrix | The space enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria. |
| Chloroplast | An organelle in photosynthetic eukaryotes that converts energy of sunlight into chemical energy by synthesizing simple sugars. |
| Photosynthesis | The biochemical process in which the energy of sunlight is used to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Thylakoid | A flattened sac within the chloroplast that is bounded by membranes where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur. |
| Grana | Interlinked stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts. |
| Chlorophyll | The major photosynthetic pigment contained in the photosynthetic membranes; it plays a key role in the cell’s ability to capture energy from sunlight. |
| Cytoskeleton | An internal protein scaffold that helps cells to maintain their shape. |
| Turgor Pressure | Pressure within a cell resulting from the movement of water into the cell by osmosis. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bound organelle present in some cells, including plant and fungal cells, that contains fluid, ions, and other molecules; in some cases, it absorbs water and contributes to turgor pressure. |
| Volume | The amount of space an object occupies. |
| Diffusion | The net movement of molecules from areas of higher to lower concentration of the molecules due to random motion. |
| Lipid Bilayer | A two-layered structure of the cell membrane made up of lipids with hydrophilic heads pointing outward toward the aqueous environment and hydrophobic tails oriented inward away from water. |
| Transport Protein | A membrane protein that moves molecules across the cell membrane. |
| Receptor Protein | A molecule that binds to a signaling molecule and triggers a response in a target cell. |
| Integral Membrane Protein | A protein that is permanently associated with the cell membrane and cannot be separated from the membrane experimentally without destroying the membrane itself. |
| Peripheral Membrane Protein | A protein that is temporarily associated with the lipid bilayer or with integral membrane proteins through weak noncovalent interactions. |
| Transmembrane Protein | A protein that spans the entire lipid bilayer; most integral membrane proteins are transmembrane proteins. |
| Glycolipid | A carbohydrate that is covalently linked to a lipid. |
| Glycoprotein | A carbohydrate that is covalently linked to a protein. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | A model proposing that the lipid bilayer is a dynamic structure that allows molecules to move laterally within the membrane and is a mosaic, or mixture, of several components, including lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. |
Created by:
DrStokes
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