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Unit 2 - Muscles
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Trapezius | Origin: occipital bone, spines of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae Insertion: clavicle, spine and acromion of scapula Action: extends head; elevates, depresses, rotates and retracts scapula |
| Latissimus dorsi | Origin: lower 6 thoracic, all lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus Action: extends, adducts and medially rotates arm |
| Supraspinatus | Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus Action: abducts and stabilizes humerus |
| Infraspinatus | Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus Action: laterally rotates humerus |
| Subscapularis | Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula Insertion: lesser tubercle of the humerus Action: medially rotates and stabilizes shoulder |
| Rhomboids (major and minor) | Origin: spinous process of C7-T5 Insertion: medial border of scapula Action: stabilizes scapula; retracts and rotates downward |
| Teres major (human models only) | Origin: inferior angle of scapula Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus Action: synergist to latissimus dorsi |
| Teres minor (human models only) | Origin: lateral border of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: synergist to infraspinatus |
| Erector Spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) | Action: prime mover of back extension |
| Pectoralis major | Origin: clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus Action: flexes, adducts, medially rotates arm |
| Pectoralis minor | Origin: ribs 3-5 Insertion: coracoid process of scapula Action: draws scapula anterior and inferior |
| Serratus anterior | Origin: ribs 1-8 Insertion: medial border of scapula Action: protracts and rotates scapula superiorly and laterally |
| External intercostals | Action: elevates ribs for inspiration |
| Internal intercostals | Action: depresses ribs for forced expiration |
| External oblique | Origin: lower 8 ribs Insertion: iliac and pubic crests, linea alba Action: flexes and rotates trunk |
| Internal oblique | Origin: lumbar fascia, inguinal ligament, iliac crest Insertion: lower 4 ribs, pubic crest, linea alba Action: flexes and rotates trunk |
| Transversus abdominis | Origin: iliac crest, cartilage of lower 6 ribs Insertion: linea alba, pubic crest Action: compresses abdomen |
| Rectus abdominis | Origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis Insertion: costal cartilage of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process Action: flexes and rotates trunk |
| Diaphragm | Origin: cartilages of lowest ribs, lumbar vertebrae Insertion: central tendon Action: prime mover of inspiration |
| Sartorius | origin - anterior, superior iliac spine insertion - tibia action - flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh; flexes lower leg (in cats: muscles are completely different -- wide and flat) |
| Gracilis | *most medial muscle (closest to the groin) origin - pubis insertion - tibia action - adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates lower leg (in cats: muscles are completely different -- wide and flat) |
| Rectus femoris | origin - anterior, inferior iliac spine insertion - patella and tibial tuberosity action - flexes thigh at hip, extends lower leg at knee |
| Vastus lateralis | origin - greater trochanter insertion - patella and tibial tuberosity action - extends lower leg at knee |
| Vastus medialis | origin - linea aspera insertion - patella and tibial tuberosity action - extends lower leg at knee |
| Vastus intermedius | *deep to the rectus femoris origin - proximal femur insertion - patella and tibial tuberosity action - extends lower leg at knee |
| Pectineus | *just medial of the femoral vessels origin - pubis insertion - linea aspera action - adducts, flexes, medially rotates thigh |
| Adductor longus | origin - pubis near symphysis insertion - linea aspera action - adducts flexes, medially rotates thigh |
| Adductor magnus | Origin: pubis and ishium Insertion: linea aspera Action: adducts, flexes, medially rotates thigh |
| Iliopsoas (posts major and iliacus) | *just lateral the femoral veins and nerves origin - lumber vertebrae and iliac fossa insertion - lesser trochanter action - flexes thigh and trunk |
| Biceps femoris | *OF THE HAMSTRINGS - most lateral origin - ishial tuberosity and iliac fossa insertion - fibula and tibia action - extends thigh, flexes lower let at knee |
| Semimembranosus | *medial origin - ischial tuberosity insertion - media condyle of tibia action - extends thigh, flexes lower leg at knee |
| Semitendinosus | *sits on top on semimembranosus origin - ischial tuberosity insertion - medial aspect of proximal tibia action - extents thigh, flexes lower leg at knee |
| Tensor fasciae latae | *connected to it band origin - iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine insertion - tibia via iliotibial tract of fascia action - steadies trunk on thigh |
| Gluteus maximus | origin - ilium, sacrum, coccyx insertion - gluteal tuberosity action - extends thigh |
| Gluteus medius | origin - ilium insertion - greater trochanter action - abducts, medially rotates thigh |
| Gastrocnemius | origin - medial and lateral condyles of femur insertion - calcaneus via achilles tendon action - flexes lower leg, plantar flexes foot |
| Soleus | *flat muscle origin - head of fibula and tibia insertion - calcaneus via achilles tendon action - plantar flexes foot (synergist to gastrocnemius) |
| Fibularis (=peroneus longus) | *antagonist to tibialis anterior origin - head of fibula insertion - first metatarsal and medial cuneiform action - plantar flexes and everts foot (pinky toe up) |
| Tibialis anterior | *antagonist to fibularis longus origin - lateral condyle and tibial shaft insertion - middle and first metatarsal action - dorsiflexes and inverts foot (pinky toe down) |
| Extensor digitorum longus | origin - lateral condyle of tibia insertion - middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5 action - dorsiflexes food and extends foot |
| Deltoid | origin - clavicle, acromion, scapular spine insertion - deltoid tuberosity of humerus action - abducts arm |
| Biceps brachii | ANTERIOR origin - coracoid process; supragleniod tubercle insertion - radial tuberosity action - flexes forearm; supinates forearm |
| Brachialis | ANTERIOR origin - anterior, distal humerus insertion - coronoid process of ulna action - flexes forearm *synergist to biceps brachii |
| Triceps brachii | POSTERIOR origin - infraglenoid tubercle, posterior humerus insertion - olecranon process action - extends forearm |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris | POSTERIOR origin - medial epicondyle of humerus insertion - pisiform, hamate, metacarpal 5 action - flexes wrist; adducts hand |
| Palmaris longus | ANTERIOR origin - medial epicondyle insertion - palmar aponeurosis action - wrist flexion |
| Flexor carpi radialis | ANTERIOR origin - medial epicondyle of humerus insertion - metacarpal 2 & 3 action - flexes wrist, abducts hand |
| Pronator teres | ANTERIOR origin - medial epicondyle of humerus insertion - lateral radius action - pronates and flexes forearm *located at the bend of elbow (triangular) |
| Bachioradialis | ANTERIOR origin - lateral supracondylas ridge of humerus insertion - styloid process of radius action - flexes forearm |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris | POSTERIOR origin - lateral epicondyle of humerus insertion - metacarpal 5 action - extends wrist, adducts hand |
| Extensor digitorum minimi | POSTERIOR origin - lateral epicondyle insertion - distal phalange 5 action - extends 5th digit |
| Extensor digitorum communis | origin - lateral epicondyle insertion - distal phalanges 2-5 action - extends wrist and fingers; adducts fingers |
| Extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis) | origin - lateral epicondyle and supracondylar ridge of humerus insertion - metacarpal 2 & 3 action - extends wrist, adducts hand |
| Extensor pollicis (longus and brevis) | action - extends thumb *closer to the thumb |
| Abductor pollicis longus | action - abducts and extends thumb *further away from thumb |
| Origin | more stable bone attachment - IN GENERAL, tends to be wider than the insertion |
| Insertion | more moveable bone attachment |
| Action | movement made by muscle |
| Prime mover | the muscle doing most of the work |
| Syngerist | muscle working with the prime mover to help |
| Antagonist | muscle working against the prime mover |
| Muscle groups | prime mover, synergist, antagonist |
| Flexion | to decrease the angle at a joint |
| Extension | to increase the angle at a joint |
| Rotator cuff | (muscle group) 1. supraspinatus 2. infraspinatus 3. subscapularis 4. teres minor |
| Anterior thigh: quadriceps | (muscle group) 1. rectus femoris 2. vast lateralis 3. vastus medialis 4. vastus intermedius |
| Thigh adductors | (muscle group) 1. pectineus 2 adductor longus 3. adductor magnus |
| Posterior thigh: hamstrings | (muscle group) 1. biceps femoris 2. semimembranosus 3. semitendinosus |
| Illiotibial tract (IT band) | long tract of CT -- like a stripe down the side of a leg (can get inflamed) |
| Tendon | attaches muscle to bone |
| Anterior forearm flexors "ugly ladies ride the bus" | (muscle group) 1. flexor carpi ulnaris 2. palmaris longus 3. flexor carpi radialis 4. brachioradialis (diff. origin) |
| Posterior forearm flexors "ugly men crash rangers" | (muscle group) 1. extensor carpi ulnaris 2. extensor digiti minimi 3. extensor digitorum communis 4. extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis) |
| Palmar aponeurosis | (CT) flat tendon in the palm of hand |
| Flexor retinaculum | "bracelet" of CT wrapping around each wrist |
| Platysma (humans only) | *extremely superficial - only skeletal muscle in the body that doesn't attach to any bone Action: depresses mandible ("horror" expression) |
| Sternocleidomastoid | *the name tells the answer Origin: manubrium of sternum, clavicle Insertion: mastoid process Action: rotates, flexes head |
| Sternohyoid | *in cat: two strap-like muscles going straight up the middle (closer to the midline) Origin: manubrium and clavicle Insertion: hyoid bone Action: depresses hyoid and larynx |
| Sternothyroid | *deep and more lateral Origin: manubrium Insertion: thyroid cartilage Action: depresses hyoid and larynx |
| Mylohyoid | *middle (large and obvious muscle connecting to mandible Origin: mandible Insertion: hyoid bone Action: elevates hyoid |
| Thyrohyoid | Origin: thyroid cartilage Insertion: hyoid bone Action: depresses hyoid, elevates thyroid |
| Digastric | *digastric = two bellies, deep to the mylohyoid in humans, deep Origin: mandible and mastoid process Insertion: hyoid bone Action: opens mouth, depresses mandible *antagonist to masseter |
| Masseter | *masseter=to masticate=to chew Origin: zygomatic arch Insertion: angle and ramus of mandible Action: elevates mandible (closes jaw) *antagonist to digastric |
| Epicranius | *epi=top Frontal belly action: raises eyebrows Occipital belly action: pulls scalp posteriorly |
| Temporalis | Action: elevates and retracts mandible (closes jaw) *synergist to the masseter |
| Orbicularis oculi | *oculi=eye Action: closes eyes (as in winking) |
| Orbicularis oris | *oris=mouth Action: puckers mouth (as in kissing) |
| Galea aponeurotica | *aponeurosis=flat tendon flat tendon within the epicranius |
| Zypomaticus | Action: raises corners of mouth (as in smiling) |
| Risorius | Action: pulls corner of mouth back (as in smiling) |
| Buccinator | *deep to risorius Action: compresses cheek (as in sucking) |
| Levator labii superioris | *labii=lips Action: raises upper lip (as in snarling) |
| Extrinsic eye muscles | Superior rectus: elevated and adducts eyeball Inferior rectus: depresses and adducts eyeball Medial rectus: adducts eyeball Lateral rectus: abducts eyeball Superior oblique: depresses and abducts eyeball Inferior oblique: elevates and abducts eyeball |
Created by:
sydneynwilliams
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