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Bio Exam 2
Chapters 9-13 textbook
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Glucose | 6 carbon monosaccharide, can be oxidized via cellular respiration/fermentation to produce ATP |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | product of ATP molecules by ATP synthase using the proton gradient established via redox reactions of ETC |
| Homeostasis | steady internal, physical, chemical, and social conditions |
| Glycolysis | breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, occurs in cytosol |
| Phosphofructokinase | enzymes that catalysis synthesis of fructose-1, 6-biphosphate, from fructose-6 phosphate |
| Mitochondrial Matrix | central compartment of mitochondrion |
| Pyruvate Dehydrogenase | large enzyme complex, located in mitochondrial matrix of eu/prokaryotes |
| What is Pyruvate Dehydrogenase responsible for | converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA during CR |
| Coenzyme A | molecule that is required for CR and that is often transiently linked in acetyl groups |
| Carboxylic Acid | organic acids with 1+ carboxyl groups |
| Krebs Cycle | first steps of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells |
| electron transport chain | set of membrane bound protein complex and mobile electron carriers involved in a cooordinated series of redox reactions energy from redox reaction used to actively transport proteins from one side to another |
| Uniquinonet/Coenzyme Q | pool of non protein molecules |
| what is the job of Coenzyme Q | transport e- between membrane bound complexes in mitochondrial electron transport chain |
| Redox Potential | Measure of ability of molecule to accept electrons or become reduced |
| ATP Synthase | large membrane bound protein complex that uses Potential energy stored in p+ gradient to couple transport and ATP Synthase |
| Chemiosmosis | energetic coupling mechanism where energy stored in electrochemical Protons gradient is used to drive production of ATP |
| Aerobic | Metabolic process, cell or organism that uses Oxygen as e- accepter |
| Is Aerobic or Anaerobic more efficient | Aerobic |
| Anaerobic | Metabolic process, cell, or organism that uses an e- accepter other than oxygen |
| Aerobic requires | Air |
| Fermentation | metabolic pathway that oxidizes NADH to produce NAD+ |
| Purpose of Fermentation | serves as energy backup in respirating cells so ATP can continue to produce |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to lactic acid in order to oxidize NADH to NAD+ |
| Alcohol Fermentation | Pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to ethenol in order to oxidize |
| Facultative Anaeerobes | any organism can reproduce or survive by performing CR or Fermentation |
| Photosynthesis | conversion of light energy to chemical energy |
| Autotrophs | organism that can synthesize reduced organic compound |
| Heterotrophs | organisms that can not synthesize reduced organic compounf |
| Autotrophs do what for food | make their own |
| How to Heterotrophs get food | from other organisms |
| Calvin Cycle | set of reactions that drive fixation of CO2 to produce sugar and regeneration of substrate to fix CO2 |
| Where does photosynthesis take place | Chloroplasts |
| Thylakoids structure | Membrane bound network of flattened sac like structures inside chloroplasts |
| Function of Thyakoids | converting light energy to chemical energy |
| What are stacks of Thyakoids | Grana |
| Lumen | interior space of thylakoids + hollow structures |
| Stroma | Fluid filled space between thylakoids and innermembrane |
| Pigments | any molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light and reflects or trnsmits other wavelengths |
| What color is observed | the one that is not absorbed |
| Chlorophyll | responsible for green color, reflects or transmits green light |
| Wave length | distance between two sucessive wave crestsor trouts in any regular wave length |
| What does wave length determine | type of electromagnetic radiation |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | entire range of wavelengths of radiation |
| Visible light | part of spectrum that humans see |
| What visible light can humans see | 400 to 710 nanometers |
| photons | discrete package of light energy |
| What is the particle of light | Photons |
| Fluresense | when the electron produces light |
| Photosystems | responsible for light capturing |
| Oxygenic | Oxygen producing photosynthesis |
| Anoxygenic | no oxygen prodcuing |
| Guard Cells | border of plant stoma that change shape to open that close stoma |
| Stoma | Pore/Opening |
| 3 parts of Calvin Cycle | Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration |
| Cell Division | formation of new cells by division of preexisting cells |
| Embryos | an organism at an early stage of development |
| what comes after fertilization and zygote formation | Embryos |
| What are the 2 ways for cell division | Mitosis and Meiosis |
| Meiosis leads to production of | sperm and egg, when 1 Diploid parent cell produces 2 haploid daughter cells |
| Mitosis leads to production of | all other cell types, process of nuclear division that results in 2 daughter cells identical to parents |
| Gametes | Haploid reproductive cells |
| Somatic Cells | Any type of cell in multicellular organisms |
| Cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm to form 2 daughter cells |
| 3 basic steps of cellular replication | Copying DNA, Separating the copies, dividing the cytoplasm |
| Chromosome | gene carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of double stranded DNA and associate proteins |
| Histones | class of positively charged proteins associated with DNA chromatin |
| Gene | region of DNA in a chromosome that codes for a particular protein or RNA |
| Chromatid | 1 of 2 identical double stranded DNA's connected at a centromere |
| Centromere | region of replicated chromosome where 2 sister chromatids join together |
| Sister Chromatids | Chromatid Copies that remain attached at their centromere |
| M phase | phase of cell cycle during which cell division occurs |
| Interphase | phase of growth and preperation to divide phase |
| S phase | When DNA is synthesized for replication of chromosomes |
| 2 distinct events of M phase | Division of nucleus and Division of cytoplasm |
| Chromatin | Complex DNA and proteins that compose eukaryotic chromosomes |
| 5 substages of mitosis | Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| Prophase | when chromosomes condense into compact structures and form spindle apparatus |
| Prometaphase | when nuclear envelope breaksdown and microtubles attach to kinetichores |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up in the middle plane |
| Anaphase | cohesions that hold sister chromatids together at the centromeres, each replicatechromosomes pulled apart |
| aTelophase | nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes begin to decondense |
| When is mitosis complete | once 2 independant nuclei have formed |
| Spindle Aparatus | Microtubles responsible for moving chromosomes during Meiosis and Mitosis, pulls chromatids apart in late mitosis |
| Microtubles | cytoskeletal filaments that form the spindle aparatus |
| Centrioles | 1 of 2 small cylinder structures within centromere |
| Polar Microtubles | when microtubles extend from each spindle pole and overlap eachother |
| Kinetochores | structures on sister chromatids where microtubules attach |
| Meta Phase Plate | where the chromosomes are lined up in the middle between 2 poles |
| Cell Plate | middle of what was spindle, vesicles start to fuse and form flattened sac like structures |
| Cleavage | as the plasma membrane pulled inward to fuse 2 cells apart |
| Binary Fission | process of cell division used for prokaryotic cells |
| Substance that initiates M phase in oocytes | MPF |
| Negative feedback | when process is slowed or shut down by one of its products |
| Cell Cycle Checkpoints description | points in cell cycle which progression of cell can be regulated |
| Tumor | mass of cells formed by uncontrolled cell division |
| cancer | disease caused by cells growing uncontrollably, invasding nearby tissues and spreading |
| malignant | cancerous |
| benign | noncancerous |
| Metastasis | when tumors spread and establish in other parts of the body |
| Sperm | Male reproductive gamete, smaller of two |
| Egg | female reproductive gamete, bigger of two |
| Fertilization | fusion of nuclei of two gametes haploid form a zygote |
| Gametes | Haploid Reproductive cell |
| Meiosis | nuclear division that leads to halving of chromosome number and production of sperm/egg |
| Human cells have how many chromosomes | 46 diploid |
| Human sex cells have how many chromosomes | 23 Haploid |
| Sex Chromosome | chromosomes that differ in shape or number in males and females |
| Autosomes | any chromosome other than sex chromosomes |
| Homologous Pair | pair of homologs that contain the same genes in same positions along the chromosomes |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Chromosomes that are the same size and shape |
| Gene | segment of DNA found at specific place on chromosome and influences a trait |
| Allele | particular version of a gene |
| Karyotype | distinctive appearance of all metaphase chromosomes in an individual |
| Ploidy | number of complete chromosome sets present in a cell |
| Gametogenesis | production of eggs or sperm |
| Life cycle | sequence of developmental events or phases over lifespan of organism from fertilization to off spring production |
| Asexual Reproduction | when producing offspring doesn't involve gametes |
| Asexual offspring DNA is | identical to their parents |
| Clones | asexually reproduced offspring |
| Trisomy | state of having 3 copies of one type of chromosome when normal is 2 |
| Nondisjunction | error occurring that results in 1 daughter cell receiving 2 copies of a chromosome |
| Aneuploid | state of having an abnormal number of copies of certain chromosome |
| oogenesis | production of egg cells |
| 4 steps of CR | 1 Glycolysis, 2 Pyruvate Processing, 3 Krebs Cycle, 4 ETC |
| how many ATP does CR produce | 34-36 |
Created by:
brkolstoe
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