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preg everything
sorry exam me
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| menstruation~ | Corpus luteum degenerates, reducing amount of progesterone, resulting in break down of endometrium lining.blood from broken down capillaires, mucous secretions & cell deebbris are lost through the vagina |
| Describe the influence of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone (both increased and decreased levels) on the endometrium | Oestrogen – builds endometrium tissue (in uterus after menstruation) Progesterone – maintains endometrium tissue low levels of both cause period |
| Describe the influence of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone on the pituitary gland | High enough level of oestrogen stimulates spike in LH & FSH ovulation of most mature follicle, releasing less oestrogen high progesterone influences development of lining of uterus & inhibits releasee oof LH & FSH |
| Give some factors that are known to trigger stem cell differentiation | Internal – cell gene External – chemicals secreted by other cells, physical contact with other cells, certain molecules in microenvironment |
| endoderm - | epithelium of all internal organs germ layer inside |
| mesoderm - | muscle tissue, connective tissue germ middle |
| ectoderm - | hair, nails, receptor cells, nervous system germ outside |
| amnion - embryo membrane | First membrane to develop. By 8th day of fertilization surrounds mebbryo & secretes amniotic fluid. – protect from injury (shoock absorber) maintain constant temp, allows free movement. Amnion ruptures at birth – water break |
| chorion | Formed from outer cells of blastocyst & mesodermal cells. Surrounds embryo & other embryonic membrane. Main part of the foetal portion of the placenta |
| Describe the structure of the placenta in terms of foetal and maternal circulation | Begins to develop as blastocyst impants. Chorionic villi develop grow into the endometrium. As they penetrate they are surrounded by mothers blood, but don’t miix. Exchange occurs through diffusion & active transport |
| Outline the major functions of the placenta | endocrine - secrete hormones maintain preg excretory - transport nitrogenous waste tto mum kidney immune - transport antibodies nutritional - transport nutrients from mother to fetus blood respiratory - transport O to fetus, CO to mum |
| Outline the importance of protein, folic acid, calcium and vitamin A in the maternal diet during pregnancy | Folic acid – normal cell division & manufacturing of protein, if nnott develop spina bifida & other nueral tube disorders Calcium – normal bone growth, teeth, heart, nerve & muscle deevelopment Vitamin a – normal growth of cells. |
| Outline the influence that alcohol can have on development during pregnancy | Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) – lower birth weight, slow growth, small head, irregularities of face, defects of heart & other organs, malformed arms & legs, intellectual disabilities, behavioural problems |
| Outline the influence that smoking can have on development during pregnancy | Lower birth weight, increased risk of miscarriage gastrointestinal problems respiratory problems & sudden infant death syndrome |
| Outline the influence that thalidomide can have on development during pregnancy | Thalidomide: a teratogen that causes babies to be born with limb malformations. Effects day 28-42. Arms develop before legs and are more likely to be effected. |
| Describe how amniocentesis is used to obtain foetal cells for genetic analysis | A needle, is inserted through the mother’s abdomen to take a small sample, ~ 10-20ml, of amniotic fluid from around the baby. Living cells from the foetus are floating in the fluid and can be examined for biochemical/chromosome defects |
| Describe how chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is used to obtain foetal cells for genetic analysis | A needle, guided by ultrasound, is inserted through the mother’s abdomen to take a sample of chorionic villus cells from the placenta. This sample of foetal cells is then tested for missing, extra or abnormal chromosomes. |
| Outline the advantages of CVS over amniocentesis | cvs - fetal tissue can be tested quicker |
| Outline the purpose and limitations of maternal blood tests | Purpose: Tests for hormone concentrations (free B-hCG and PAPP-A). In a woman whose baby has a serious chromosome problem, the levels of these hormones will differ. Screens for: Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Patau syndrome, Turner syndrome |
| Describe how a sample of foetal blood is collected and then used to monitor foetal development | The umbilical cord via percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS), where a needle is inserted through the abdominal wall and uterus into the umbilical vein. |
| Describe how and why the foetal liver is bypassed via the ductus venosus | Ductus venosus: the foetal blood vessel that enables blood to bypass the liver. contains oxygen & nutrients Liver is bypassed as it isn’t fully functional until after birth |
| Describe how and why the foetal lungs are bypassed via the ductus arteriosus | Lungs are bypassed as they are currently collapsed. most blood from right ventricles flows thrugh ductus arteriosus to aorta (instead of lungs) |
Created by:
procrast
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