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B-Ch 1&2 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ___ is a logical and systematic approach or process to problem solving. | scientific method |
| There are ___ steps to the scientific method (used in class). | nine |
| The first step of the scientific method is ___. | observing |
| During the "observing" step of the scientific method, you ___. | make an observation |
| The second step of the scientific method is ___. | questioning |
| During the "questioning" step of the scientific method, you ___. | recognize the problem in the form of a question |
| The third step of the scientific method is ___. | researching |
| During the "researching" step of the scientific method, you ___. | gather information related to the problem |
| The fourth step of the scientific method is ___. | hypothesizing |
| During the "hypothesizing" step of the scientific method you, ___. | form a hypothesis, which is an educated guess in the form of a statement, that is testable and based on your previous research |
| The fifth step of the scientific method is ___. | experimenting |
| During the "experimenting" step of the scientific method, you ___. | test the hypothesis using a controlled experiment |
| The sixth step of the scientific method is ___. | collecting and recording data |
| During the "collecting and recording data" step of the scientific method. you ___. | collect data, which are observations and measurements made in experiments |
| The seventh step of the scientific method is ___. | analyzing data |
| During the "analyzing data" step of the scientific method, you ___. | examine recorded data, looking for trends, patterns, etc. and put it into words |
| The eighth step of the scientific method is ___. | drawing conclusions |
| During the "drawing conclusions" step of the scientific method, you ___. | restate and either reject or accept your hypothesis, using data to support your conclusion |
| The ___ in a controlled experiment are the factors that can be changed | variables |
| The ___ in a controlled experiment are all the variables that remain constant | controlled variables |
| The ___ in a controlled experiment is the factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes | manipulated/independent variable |
| The ___ in a controlled experiment is the outcome or results, factor in an experiment that may change because of the manipulated variable | responding/dependent variable |
| ___ data are observations that involve measurements/numbers | quantitative |
| ___ data are observations that do not involve numbers, are of a descriptive nature | qualitative |
| Taking results from previous studies and sparking curiosity that leads to new questions | curiosity |
| Questioning existing ideas and hypotheses, and refusing to accept explanations without evidence | skepticism |
| Willingness to accept different ideas that may not agree with your hypothesis | open-mindedness |
| Need to think creatively to design experiments that yield accurate data | creativity |
| ___ is used to review scientific research and evaluate work | peer review |
| The word ___ is used for well-tested explanations and is used to make predictions for experiments | theory |
| ___ and ___ both influence each other. | science, society |
| Pure science does not include ___ or ___ viewpoints | ethical, moral |
| ___ a particular preference or point of view that is personal rather than scientific | bias |
| The study of life | biology |
| All living things have a universal ___, that stores complex information needed to live, grow, and reproduce in DNA | genetic code |
| All living have a particular pattern of ___ and ___. | growth, development |
| All living things respond to ___ in their environment. | stimuli |
| All living things have to ___ either asexually or sexually. | reproduce |
| All living things have to maintain ___ or a stable internal environment. | homeostasis |
| All living things have to obtain and use materials and energy, which is their ___. | metabolism |
| All living things ___, or change over time | evolve |
| All living things are made up of ___, that are highly organized. | cells |
| ___ the basic unit of matter. | atoms |
| The word atom comes form the Greek word atomos which means "___". | unable to be cut |
| Protons and neutrons have ___ amount of mass. | same |
| ___ are positively charged particle | protons |
| ___ have no charge at all | neutrons |
| Strong forces bind the protons and neutrons and together they form the ___, the center of the atom | nucleus |
| Electrons are ___ than protons and neutrons. | smaller |
| Electrons are in constant motions around the ___. | nucleus |
| Electrons are attracted to the ___ charged nucleus of atoms. | positively |
| Atoms have an ___ number of protons and electrons to balance their charges. | eqal |
| An ___ is a pure substance that consists of one type of atom. | element |
| Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of ___ are known as isotopes | neutrons |
| A ___ is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements | chemical compound |
| Atoms are held together by ___. | chemical bonds |
| ___ are formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. | ionic bonds |
| ___ are formed when electrons are shared by atoms | covalent bonds |
| The structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds is a ___. | molecule |
| A molecule is the ___ unit of most compounds. | smallest |
| ___ are intermolecular forces of attraction due to a slight attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules. | van der Waals forces |
| Van der Waals forces are ___ as ionic and covalent bonds. | not as strong |
| Water is a ___ molecule, with ten protons and electrons | neutral |
| Water's electrons are more likely to be found around the nucleus of the ___ atom. | oxygen |
| Molecule in which charges are unevenly distributed are said to be ___ because the molecule is like a magnet with two poles. | polar |
| The attraction between a hydrogen ion and another oppositely charged ion is known as a ___. | hydrogen bond |
| Hydrogen bonds are ___ as ionic and covalent bonds. | not as strong |
| Because water is a polar molecule is is able to form ___ hydrogen bonds, which helps account for many of water's special properties | multiple |
| ___ is the attraction between two molecules of the same substance. | cohesion |
| Cohesion in water produces ___. | surface tensions |
| ___ is the attraction between two different molecules. | adhesion |
| Adhesion helps produce ___ which helps distribute water throughout plants. | capillary action |
| Water can absorb/release large amounts of heat energy before raising/lowering its ___. | temperature |
| Water is a ___, which is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically combined but not chemically combined. | mixture |
| All components of a solution are ___ throughout the solution. | evenly distributed |
| Water's polarity gives it the ability to dissolve both ___ and ___ molecules. | ionic, polar |
| Materials in __ do not dissolve when placed in water but instead separate into small pieces. | suspensions |
| The ___ indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. | pH scale |
| (_) is a neutral pH, when H+ and OH- ions are equal | 7 |
| (___) is an acidic pH, when there is a higher concentration of H+ ions | 0-6 |
| (___) is a basic pH, when there is a higher concentration of OH- ions | 8-14 |
| An ___ is a compound that forms H+ ions in a solution | acid |
| A ___ is a compound that produces hydroxide OH- ions in a solution | base |
| ___ are weak acids and bases used to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH. | buffers |
| Carbon atoms have ___ valence electrons, allowing them to form strong covalent bonds with many different elements. | 4 |
| Macromolecules means "___" | giant molecules |
| Macromolecules are formed through the process of ___. | polymerization |
| The four major macromolecules in living things are ___. | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Small units known as ___, join together to form ___. | monomers, polymers |
| Carbohydrates are used by living things as their ___. | main source of energy |
| The main building blocks of carbohydrates are ___. | simple sugars |
| Another name for simple sugars are ___. | monosaccharides |
| Large macromolecules made up of monosaccharides are known as ___. | polysaccharides |
| Many animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called ___. | glycogen |
| Glycogen breaks down into glucose and is released into the blood when the level of glucose in your blood ___. | runs low |
| Glycogen in your muscles supplies energy for ___ which allows for movement. | muscle contraction |
| Plants use polysaccharide starch to store ___. | excess sugar |
| Plants make a polysaccharide called ___. | cellulose |
| Cellulose gives ___ strength and rigidity. | plants |
| ___ is a major component of wood and paper. | cellulose |
| Lipids are ___ in water. | not soluble |
| The main categories of lipids are ___. | fats, oils, and waxes |
| Lipids are used to ___ in living things. | store energy |
| Lipids are formed when a ___ molecule combines with ___. | glycerol, fatty acids |
| A lipid is saturated when the ___ | fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom in a single bond |
| A lipid is unsaturated when there is ___ | at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the fatty acid |
| Saturated lipids are used because they ___ | contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms |
| Fatty acids in polyunsaturated lipids contain ___ | more than one double bond |
| Nucleic acids are assembled from monomers known as ___. | nucleotides |
| Nucleotides are made of three parts, ___. | 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base |
| Nucleotides are joined by ___ to form a nucleic acid. | covalent bonds |
| Nucleic acids store and transmit ___ information. | hereditary, or genetic |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) contains ___. | the sugar ribose |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains ___. | the sugar deoxyribose |
| ____ are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids. | proteins |
| Amino acids are made of two groups called the ___ and ___ groups. | amino, carboxyl |
| The amino and carboxyl group are formed together by a bond called a ___. | peptide bond |
| The ___ group in an amino acid does not change. | amino |
| The first level of structure in a protein is the ___. | sequence of the amino acids |
| The second level of structure in a protein is the ___. | folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain |
| The third level of structure in a protein is the___. | three-dimensional arrangement of the polypeptide chain |
| The fourth level of structure in a protein is ___. | when a protein has more than one chain. |
| A ___ is the process that changes, or transforms one set of chemicals into another | chemical reaction |
| The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are called ___. | reactants |
| The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as ___. | products |
| Chemical reactions that release energy occur ___. | spontaneously |
| Chemical reactions that absorb energy occur ___. | only with a source of energy |
| Ever organism must have ___ to carry out chemical reactions. | energy |
| Energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called ___. | activation energy |
| A ___ is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction, it works by lowering the reaction's activation energy. | catalyst |
| Enzymes are ___ that act as ___. | proteins, catalysts |
| ___ are very specific, catalyzing only one chemical reaction, which is often where they get their names | enzymes |
| Enzymes must collide with ___ to break and reform bonds, without it the reactants in the chemical reaction remain unchanged. | enough energy |
| ___ are enzyme-catalyzed reactions. | substrates |
| Substrates and enzymes fit together ___. | perfectly |
| Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules can affect the activity of ___. | molecules |
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shmonge1
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