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Bio - Inside Cell
Biology Ch. 4 - Inside the Cell
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| surface-to-volume ratio | ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume |
| plasma membrane | membrane surrounding the cytoplasm; consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. it regulates the entrance and exit of molecules from a cell |
| cell theory | one of the major theories of biology which states that all organisms are made up of cells, cells are capable of self-reproduction, and cells come only from preexisting cells |
| prokaryotic cells | cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; the cell type within the domains Bacteria and Archaea |
| eukaryotic cells | type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles; found in organisms within the domain Eukarya |
| cytoplasm | contents of a cell between the nucleus (nucleoid region of bacteria) and the plasma membrane |
| cell wall | structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity |
| enzyme | organic catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds a reaction in cells due to its shape |
| nucleoid | region of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located. It is not bound by a nuclear envelope |
| ribosome | structure consisting of rRNA and proteins in two subunits; site of proteins synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| flagella | long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm cells |
| organelle | small, often membranous compartment in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function |
| vesicle | small, membrane-bound sac that stores substances in a cell |
| nucleus | center of an atom, in which protons and neutrons are found; membrane-bound organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell |
| chromatin | network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing |
| chromosome | structure, consisting of DNA complexed with proteins, that transmits genetic information from the previous generation of cells and organisms to the next generation |
| nucleolus | in the nucleus, a dark-staining, spherical body that produces ribosomal subunits |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| endomembrane system | collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | system of membranous channels and saccules in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes |
| smooth ER | membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in eukaryotic cells; lacks attached ribosomes |
| rough ER | membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes |
| lysosome | membrane-bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules |
| Golgi apparatus | organelle, consisting of saccules and vesicles, that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell |
| vacuole | membrane-bounded sac, larger than a vesicle; usually functions in storage and can contain a variety of substances. in plants, the central vacuole fills much of the interior of the cell |
| chloroplast | membrane-bound organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place |
| mitochondrian | membrane-bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | nucleotide with three phosphate group. |
| photosynthesis | process occurring usually within chloroplasts whereby chlorophyll-containing organelles trap solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrates |
| cellular respiration | metabolic reaction that uses the energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates (primarily glucose), fatty acids, or amino acids to produce ATP molecules |
| cytoskeleton | internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments |
| microtublue | small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella |
| centrosome | microtubule organizing center of cell. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles |
| actin filament | cytoskeletal filament in eukaryotic cells composed of the protein action; also refers to the thin filaments of muscle cells |
| centriole | cell organelle, existing in pairs, that is located in centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division |
| cilia | short, hairlike projection from the plasms membrane, occurring usually in large numbers |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | meshwork of polysaccharides and proteins that provides support for an animal cell and affects its behavior |
| adhesion junction | junction between cells in which the adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments attached to button-like thickenings |
| tight junction | junction between cells in which adjacent plasma membrane proteins join to form an impermeable barrier |
| gap junction | junction between cells formed by the joining of two adjacent plasma membranes; lends strength and allows ions, sugars, and small molecules to pass between cells |
| plasmodesmata | in plants, cytoplasmic strands that extend through pores in the cell wall and connect the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells |
| cell | fundamental unit of life. lowest level of biological organization that has all of the characteristics of life |
| ADP + Psub | The breakdown of ATP into ____________ makes energy available for energy-requiring processes in cell |
Created by:
Kendall Posey
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