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Cell Transport

B.4B Cell transport and homeostasis

TermDefinition
Homeostasis Steady balance of water, nutrients and energy.
Cell membrane Cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is selectively-permeable.
Phospholipid A polar lipid composed of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.
Lipid bilayer Means contain two phospholipid layers, one outer that is in contact to extracellular fluid and the inner that is in contact to intracellular fluid.
Cholesterol Cholesterol is a lipid that inserts into phospholipid bilayers, with its polar hydroxyl group close to phospholipid tails, to maintain membrane integrity, modulating rigidity and permeability. Cholesterol is embedded in animal cells but not in plant cells
Integral proteins Protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane.
Peripheral proteins A class of membrane proteins that attach to the lipid bilayer, acting on the lipid-water interface.
Selectively-permeable Partially but not freely or wholly permeable. This is also called semi-permeable.
Cell transport Moving things in and out of the cell is an important role of the plasma membrane.
Passive transport Diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy.
Simple diffusion Molecules more directly through the plasma membrane without assistance.
Facilitated diffusion Involves carrier proteins. Carrier proteins in the membrane allow large lipid-insoluble molecules that cannot cross the membrane by simple diffusion. Example, transport of glucose into red blood cells.
Channel proteins Channel proteins (Water-filled proteins) in the plasma membrane allow inorganic ions to pass through.
Osmosis Is the diffusion of water molecules from regions of lower solute concentration to regions of higher solute concentration across a partially permeable membrane.
Active transport The movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient, requiring an expenditure of energy.
Solute Solute is a dissolved substance.
Solvent Able to dissolve other substances.
Ion An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
Pump Membrane proteins that is capable of transporting ions against a concentration gradient using the energy from ATP.
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate: an organic compound that serves as an energy source for metabolic process.
Endocytosis A process of cellular ingestion by which the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the cell.
Exocytosis Secretion of intracellular molecules, contained within membrane-bound vesicles, to the outside of the cell by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane.
Phagocytosis The engulfing and ingestion of foreign bodies such as bacteria by phagocytes.
Pinocytosis A form of endocytosis in which the cell takes in fluids by infolding of its membrane.
Concentration gradient Concentration gradient refers to the gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution.
Transmembrane proteins Proteins that are fully embedded in the cell membrane.
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