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Bio Chapter 4
Evolutionary origin of cells and their general features
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| stage one of formation of life | Nucleotides and amino acids were produced first |
| stage two of formation of life | polymers were formed (RNA and/or DNA, proteins) |
| stage three of formation of life | polymers became enclosed in membranes |
| stage four of formation of life | enclosed in membranes acquired the properties of living cells |
| Prebiotic soup | the hypothesis that organic molecules formed in the ocean/ clay |
| reducing atmosphere hypothesis | a hypothesis that proposes the Earth atmosphere formed organic molecules |
| extraterrestrial hypothesis | a hypothesis that proposes organic molecules came from meteors |
| Deep-sea hypothesis | a hypothesis that proposes organic molecules formed in superheated water |
| polymers may have formed on _____ surfaces | clay |
| Protobionts | envisioned as possible precursors of living cells, |
| Protobionts may have existed as | liposomes |
| The first macromolecule found in protobionts | RNA |
| chemical selection | occurs when a chemical within a mixture has special properties that increase in number |
| chemical selection leads to _______ | chemical evolution |
| chemical evolution | where a population of molecules changes over time to become a new population with composition |
| RNA world | is a hypothetical |
| the four factors the create cell structure and function | matter, energy, organization, information |
| Prokaryotic cells | Bacteria, archaea |
| eukaryotic cells | Fungi, animal, and plants contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
| cells only found in plants | Chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall |
| liquid-liquid phase separation | a mechanism of compartmentalization that separate solutes from bulk solvents |
| Cytosol | the region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane |
| cells are small because | a large surface area/cell volume |
| metabolism | chemical reactions occurs in the metabolism |
| catabolism | breakdown |
| anabolism | synthesis |
| ribosomes | float freely and synthesize protein |
| cytoskeleton | has 3 types of proteins filaments |
| microtubules | long hollow cylinders composed of tubule |
| microtubules function | grow and shorten (dynamic instability) 25nm |
| intermediate filaments | rope like structures 10 nm |
| actin filaments | made from subunits. dynamic and provide structure 7nm |
| motor protein | uses ATP to promote movement |
| Head of motor protein | site of ATP binding and hydrolysis |
| Hinge of motor protein | bends in response to atp binding |
| Tail of motor protein | binds to other compentents |
| Appendages that promote movement | cilia and flagella |
| Cilia | numerous, shorter and cover the surface |
| Flagella | Longer, presents singularly (sperm) |
| endomembrane system | a network of membranes including nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes, and plasma membrane |
| Nuclear envelope | double membrane encasing the nuclear matrix |
| Endoplasmic recticulum | rough ER and smooth ER |
| Rough ER | studded with ribosomes, |
| Rough ER functions | sorting, insertion of membrane proteins, and glycosylation |
| smooth ER | lacks ribosomes |
| smooth ER functions | metabolism, detoxification, Ca^2 storage. and lipid synthesis and modification |
| Golgi apparatus functions | sorting processing and secretion |
| Lysosomes function | break down macromolecules, contain acid hydrolases |
| acid hydrolases | enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions and function optimally at an acidic pH |
| vacuoles | contains fluid or solid substances |
| central vacuoles | only in plant cells that provides storage and structure |
| contractile vacuoles | provide water balance |
| Food vacuole | contains degenerative enzymes |
| Peroxisomes | small organelles found in all eukaryotic cell |
| Peroxisomes functions | catalyze a variety of reactions break down fats and amino acids and toxins |
| semi autonomous organelles | organelles that are more self functioning (ex. mitochondria and chloroplast |
| Mitochondria function | makes ATP/ chemical energy from sugar, fats, and amino acids |
| chloroplasts functions | perform photosynthesis |
| Mitochondria and chloroplast genome | They each have their own set of DNA |
| Endosymbiosis theory | Mitochondria and chloroplast come from bacteria |
| cotranslational sorting | the sorting occurs at the same time as translation (protein synthesis) |
| post-translational sorting | the sorting occurs after protein synthesis; the protein is built in the cytosol then moved |
| Extracellular matrix (ECM) | surrounds animal cells |
| Cell wall | Surrounds plant cells |
| ECM functions | Provides strength, provides support, cell signaling, organization |
| Adhesive proteins | adhere ECM components together |
| Structural proteins | provides strength and elasticity |
| Polysaccharides | a carbohydrate |
| glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) | The most abundant type of polysaccharides |
| proteoglycans | When glycosaminoglycans are linked to core proteins |
| GAGs and Proteoglycans functions | Resist compression/protecting cells |
| cell walls characteristics | more rigid and stronger than ECM |
| Primary cell wall | Made first and is flexible, contains cellulose and polysaccharides |
| Secondary cell wall | between the membrane and primary cell wall, contains cellulose |
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BananaBread12
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