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Bio test 1
Biology flashcards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is science? | An intellectual activity about observation, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. |
| Hypothesis | is an educated guess about the way something works, or a tentative explanation. |
| Order of the scientific method: | 1. observations 2. Formulate hypothesis 3. experimentation 4. conclusion |
| Scientific method | Is a tested, well-supported explanation, for a wide range of situations (Is much broader than a hypothesis) |
| Examples of scientific theories | Atomic theory, plate tectonics, evolution, cell theory, big bang, relativity. |
| Independent variables | something that can be measured and manipulated by the researcher |
| Dependent variables | the factor(s) that responds to changes in the independent variable |
| Sample size | the number of independent observations you make. |
| Repeatability | can others repeat the experiment and get the same result? |
| Pseudoscience | scientific-sounding, but not supported by scientific studies |
| Atom | smallest unit of matter |
| Element | a unique type of atom; cannot be further broken down |
| isotope | Atom of an element that has a different number of neutrons |
| Do electrons have energy? | yes |
| Bonds form: | atoms into molecules |
| Do electrons have kinetic or potential energy? | Both |
| Number of protons= | Number of electrons |
| do Atoms have an electric charge? | no |
| Octet Rule | eight electrons in the valence (outermost) shell. |
| What are bonds determined by? | the electrons in the outermost shell |
| Can atoms with incomplete valence shell can share or transfer? | yes |
| Covalent | -- Formed by sharing of electrons. – This fills the valence shell for both. – Strongest. – Polar or non-polar. |
| Electronegativity | an atom’s attraction for electrons |
| Polar Molecules | unequal electron sharing |
| Ionic Bonds | Forms between two atoms when their electronegativity is greatly different |
| Ion | charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses an electron |
| Electrolyte | a salt that dissolves in water and produces a solution that conducts electricity |
| are Hydrogen Bonds strong or weak? | They are the weakest type |
| Properties of Water | • Solvent. • Cohesion and Adhesion. • Heat Capacity. • Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid. |
| True or false: Water causes polar molecules “dissolve” in water | true |
| true or false Water tends to include nonpolar molecules | false Water tends to exclude nonpolar molecules |
| Cohesion | water is attracted to other water molecules |
| Adhesion | refers to water’s attraction to other substances |
| Water: Heat Capacity | Water resists thermal change |
| true or false Water can absorb a lot of energy before the temperature will change - hydrogen bonds | true |
| What impact does heat capacity have on the human body? | Maintains a relatively stable internal temperature |
| How is heat capacity Important in elsewhere in biology? | Temperature stability in different environments |
| Four classes of biologically important large molecules | • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids |
| Roles of carbs | – Energy source (“fuel”) – Energy storage – Structural |
| examples of carbs | Glucose Glycogen Starch Cellulose |
| carbs: types of bonds | – Covalent – Ionic – Hydrogen |
| carbs: Monosaccharides | – Mono- – Simple carbs – Sugars |
| Isomer | same molecular formula, different structure |
| where is Glucose found? | bloodstream |
| glucose | • Main fuel source for cellular respiration • Only source for brain cells • Stored if not used |
| Glucose: short term storage | glycogen |
| Glucose: long term storage | convert to fats |
| Disaccharides examples | Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose |
| Examples of sucrose | – “Table (cane) sugar” – Glucose + fructose |
| Examples of Lactose | – “Milk sugar” – Glucose + galactose |
| Examples of Maltose | – “Malt sugar,” – glucose |
| Polysaccharides examples: | Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose, Chitin |
| Glycogen | Energy storage in animals |
| Starch | Energy storage in plants |
| Cellulose | Structural - plants |
| Chitin | Structural material in insects and fungi |
| How are disaccharides and polysaccharides made? | Dehydration synthesis |
| Polymers are broken into monomers = | hydrolysis reaction |
| What type of reaction is digestion? | Hydrolysis |
| Four classes of biologically important large molecules | • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids |
| Lipids examples | Fats, oils, waxes, sterols, phospholipids |
| Are lipids polar or non polar? | non polar |
| Roles of lipids:(3) | – Energy storage/insulation – Cell signaling – Structural |
| Lipids in our diet: Animal triglycerides | – Saturated fats – Carbon atoms “saturated” with H+ – Solid at room and body temp |
| lipids in our diet: Plant triglycerides | – unsaturated fats – Some C atoms are not “saturated” with H+ – Liquid at room temp |
| what is Hydrogenation? | artificially adding H |
| Why Hydrogenation? | – More solid, more desirable texture |
| What does hydrogenation result in? | Results in “trans” fats |
| Where are Triglycerides stored? | adipocytes (fat cells) |
| What is Cholesterol an important component of? | cell membranes |
| what does Cholesterol do? | Stabilizes and allows flexibility |
| Most (85-90%) of Cholesterol is produced in the... | liver |
| is High-density lipoprotein (HDL) good or bad? and why? | good, they are smaller |
| is Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) good or bad? and why? | Bad, they are bigger and attach to blood vessel walls |
| Roles of proteins | Structural (hair, skin, feathers, etc) |
| Examples of protein protection and transport: | • Blood clots (platelets) • White blood cells • Hemoglobin |
| roles of amino acids: | Growth, repair, maintenance |
| Dietary sources of amino acids | – Animal protein (meat, fish, eggs) – Combination of plant proteins (grains, vegetables, legumes) |
| What type of bonds are proteins? | Covalent bond |
| Protein reaction | Dehydration synthesis |
| what causes curly hair? | Disulfide bridges |
| Protein structure | Multiple polypeptides bonded together |
| Conformation | unique, three-dimensional shape of protein crucial to function |
| causes of Denaturation | – pH – Temp – Salt |
| What are enzymes? | Molecules that start and accelerate certain chemical reactions |
| What are enzymes important for? | biological reactions |
| Most enzymes are | proteins |
| How do enzymes work? | Lowers activation energy needed for the reaction |
| Enzyme Activity | The rate at which a reaction will occur is also influenced by enzyme and substrate concentration |
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