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Human Biology
Lecture 6-10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lecture 6: Organization & Regulation of Body System The Human Excretory System | is made up of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra. |
| Lecture 6: Kidneys | the kidneys filter blood and form urine, passes through the ureters, which is stored in the bladder until it is eliminated through the urethra. |
| Lecture6: Bolus | Food is masticated by teeth and moistened by saliva secreted from the salivary glands. Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest starches and fats. With the help of the tongue, moved into the esophagus by swallowing. |
| Lecture 6: The large intestine | The large intestine reabsorbs water from undigested food and stores waste until it is eliminated. |
| Lecture 6: Respiratory System | Air enters the respiratory system through the nasal cavity, and then passes through the pharynx and the trachea into the lungs. |
| Lecture6: Systoles | When the heart ventricle chambers is contracted |
| Lecture 6: Diastoles | During cardiac diastole, blood flows into the heart while all ventricle chambers are relaxed. |
| Lecture 6: ventricles | the ventricles remain relaxed while atrial systole pushes blood into the ventricles |
| Lecture 6: atria | Once the atria relax again, ventricle systole pushes blood out of the heart. |
| Lecture 6: arteries | The arteries of the body, indicated in RED, start at the aortic arch and branch to supply the organs and muscles of the body with OXYGENATED BLOOD. |
| Lecture 6: veins | The veins of the body, indicated in BLUE, return blood to the heart. |
| Lecture 6: Pulmonary arteries | The pulmonary arteries are BLUE to reflect the fact that they are DEOXYGENATED |
| Lecture 6: Pulmonary veins | the pulmonary veins are RED to reflect that they are OXGENATED. |
| Lecture 6: Endocrine System and “Master Gland | The PITUITARY GLAND is part of the endocrine system, the body’s hormone system. Hormones are natural chemicals, circulated mostly in the bloodstream, that guide everything from growth to fertility. |
| Lecture 6: Pituitary Gland | The function of the pituitary gland is to maintain homeostasis (a physiologic balance) within the body. The pituitary gland secretes chemicals, called hormones, that communicate with various organ systems to achieve this balance |
| Lecture 6: Skull | the skull is basically protects the brain and provides support to the Sutures are fibrous joints found only in the skull. Cartilaginous joints are bones connected by cartilage, such as between vertebrae. Synovial joints are the only joints that have a sp |
| Lecture 6: Respiratory System | Air enters the respiratory system through the nasal cavity, and then passes through the pharynx and the trachea into the lungs. |
| Lecture 6: heart's chambers | The heart is divided into 4 chambers, 2 atria, and 2 ventricles. |
| Lecture 6: right side of the heart | The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. color is blue |
| Lecture 6: left side of the heart | The left side of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body (vesicles) or vessel. color is RED |
| Lecture 6: The body contains three types of muscle tissue: | skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, & cardiac muscle. |
| Lecture 6: skeletal muscle cells | are long and cylindrical, they have multiple nuclei, and the small, dark nuclei are pushed to the periphery of the cell. |
| Lecture 6: smooth muscle cells | are short, tapered at each end, and have only one nucleus each. |
| Lecture 6: cardiac muscle cells | are also cylindrical, but short. The cytoplasm may branch, and they have one or two nuclei in the center of the cell |
| Lecture 6: skeletal muscle fiber | A skeletal muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma, |
| Lecture 6: skeletal muscle fiber with cytoplasm | with a cytoplasm called the sarcoplasm |
| Lecture 6: The human cerebral cortex includes | frontal lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe & occipital lobes. |
| Lecture 6: Gray Matter | containing cell bodies and interneurons |
| Lecture 6: White Matter | containing myelinated axons |
| Lecture 6: The sympathetic and parasympathetic system | often have opposing effects on target organs. |
| Lecture 7: Herbivores | eat primarily plant material |
| Lecture 7: Carnivores | eat primarily meat |
| Lecture 7: Omnivores | eat both plant and animal based food |
| Lecture 7: Gastrovascular cavity | has a single opening through which food is ingested and waste is excreted |
| Lecture 7: Alimentary canal | has two openings: a mouth for ingesting food, and an anus for eliminating waste |
| Lecture 7: Humans and herbivores, such as the rabbit, | have a monogastric digestive system |
| Lecture 7: avian esophagus | has a pouch, called a crop, which stores food |
| Lecture 7: crop | the crop to the first of two stomachs, called the proventriculus, which contains digestive juices that break down food and the gizzard. |
| Lecture 7: 1st stomach : proventriculus | contains digestive juices that break down food. |
| Lecture 7: 2nd stomach: gizzard | food enters the second stomach, called the gizzard, which grinds food. |
| Lecture 7: Mechanism and digestion 1st oral cavity | Digestion of food begins in the oral cavity |
| Lecture 7: Mechanism and digestion 2nd salivary glands | Food is masticated by teeth and moistened by saliva secreted from the salivary glands |
| Lecture 7:Mechanism and digestion 3rd Enzymes | Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest starches and fats. |
| Lecture 7:Mechanism and digestion 4th bolus | With the help of the tongue, the resulting bolus is moved into the esophagus by chewing and swallowing |
| Lecture 7: Villi | Villi are folds on the small intestine lining that increase the surface area to facilitate the absorption of nutrients. |
| Lecture 7: large intestine | The large intestine reabsorbs water from undigested food and stores waste material until it is eliminated. |
| Lecture 7: amylase | Starch and glycogen are broken down into glucose by amylase and maltase. |
| Lecture 7: maltase | Starch and glycogen are broken down into glucose by amylase and maltase. |
| Lecture 7: sucrase | Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are broken down by sucrase and lactase |
| Lecture 7: lactase | Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are broken down by sucrase and lactase |
| Lecture 7: The main types of Lipids: | triglycerides phospholipids steroids and waxes |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: The Digestive System: nutrients | most nutrients we eat cannot be used in their existing form must be broken down into smaller components before our body can make use of them |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: disassembly line | to break down nutrients into a form that can be used by the body to absorb them so they can be distributed to the tissues |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: gastroenterology | the study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Digestive System | the organ system that processes food, extracts nutrients from it, and eliminates the residue |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: 5 stages of digestion | ingestion digestion absorption compaction elimination |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: ingestion | selective intake of food |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: digestion | mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: absorption | uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood and lymph |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: compaction | absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: elimination | elimination of feces |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: mechanical digestion | the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: chemical digestion | hydrolysis (adding H2O) reactions that break macromolecules into their monomers carried out by digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas and small intestine |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: polysaccharides results | resulted into polysaccharides into monosaccharides |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: proteins results | resulted into proteins into amino acids |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: fats results | resulted into monoglycerides and fatty acids |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: nucleic acids results | resulted into nucleotides |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: digestive system has 2 anatomical subdivisions | 1. digestive tract (alimentary canal) 2. accessory organs |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: digestive tract (alimentary canal) | -30 foot long muscular tube extending from mouth to anus -mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine -gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the stomach and intestines |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: accessory organs | -teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Mucosa | mucus membrane, connective tissues, smooth muscle, MALT (lymph nodes) |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Submucosa | thicker layer of lose connective tissue, contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, mucus secreting glands |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: muscularis externa | 2 layers of muscle |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Serosa | thin layer of areolar tissue and squamous cells |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: mesentery and mesocolon | mesentery and mesocolon of small intestines holds many blood vessels and anchors organs together |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: lesser omentum- | attaches stomach to liver |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: greater omentum- | covers small intestines like an apron |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Starts in the mouth Salivary glands | secrete fluids from the saliva |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Starts in the mouth Pharynx | Into the Pharynx, a muscular funnel that connects mouth to esophagus and allows air from nasal cavity to larynx |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Starts in the mouth Pharyngeal | Pharyngeal constrictor muscles force food along the pathway |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Starts in the mouth esophagus | through the esophagus and into the stomach. |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: stomach | a muscular sac in upper left abdominal cavity primarily functions as a food storage organ liquefies the food, and begins chemical digestion of protein and fat |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: chyme | soupy or pasty mixture of semi-digested food in the stomach that occurs in passing through the small intestine into the large intestine |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: gastric juice | 2 – 3 liters per day produced by the gastric glands mainly a mixture of water, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Functions of Hydrochloric Acid | activates pepsin and lipase breaks up connective tissues and plant cell walls helps liquefy food to form chyme |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: pepsin | digests dietary proteins into shorter peptide chains protein digestion is completed in the small intestine |
| Lecture 8 Part 1 gastric lipase | produced by chief cells |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: lipase | plays a minor role in digesting dietary fats -digests 10% - 15% of dietary fats in the stomach -rest digested in the small intestine |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: alcohol absorption | alcohol is absorbed mainly by small intestine intoxicating effects depends partly on how rapidly the stomach is emptied |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: small intestine receives | receives chyme from stomach also secretions from liver, pancreas and gallbladder |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: liver | reddish brown gland located immediately inferior to the diaphragm the body’s largest gland weighs about 1.4 kg (3 pounds) variety of functions secretes bile which contributes to digestion |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Functions of Hepatocytes( Liver Cells): after a meal, the hepatocytes absorb from the blood | glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, and other nutrients for metabolism or storage |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Functions of Hepatocytes (Liver Cells): removes and degrades | hormones, toxins, bile pigments, and drugs |
| Lecture 8 Part 1:Functions of Hepatocytes (Liver Cells): secretes into the blood: | albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen, and other products |
| Lecture 8 Part 1:Functions of Hepatocytes (Liver Cells)between meals, hepatocytes : | hepatocytes breaks down stored glycogen and releases glucose into the blood |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Gallbladder | a pear-shaped sac on underside of liver serves to store and concentrate bile by a factor of 20 by absorbing water and electrolytes about 10 cm long |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: bile | yellow-green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, and bile acids |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: pancreas | spongy gland posterior to the stomach measure 12 to 15 cm long, and 2.5 cm thick both an endocrine and exocrine gland |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: endocrine portion | pancreatic islets that secrete insulin and glucagon |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: pancreatic juice | alkaline mixture of water, enzymes, zymogens, sodium bicarbonate, and other electrolytes |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Small Intestine measurement | the longest part of the digestive tract 2.7 to 4.5 m long in a living person “small” intestine refers to the diameter not length2.5 cm (1 inch) nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in small intestine |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: small intestine | coiled mass filling most of the abdominal cavity inferior to the stomach and the liver |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: small intestine divided into three regions | duodenum jejunum ileum |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: jejunum | first 40% of small intestine beyond duodenum |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: ileum | forms the last 60% of the postduodenal small intestine |
| Lecture 8 Part 1 duodenum | the first 25cm 10 inches |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: microvilli | fuzzy border of microvilli on apical surface of each absorptive cell Keep materials moving |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: Intestinal Motility | contractions of small intestine serve three functions: to mix chyme with intestinal juice, bile, and pancreatic juice to neutralize acid digest nutrients more effectively to churn chyme and bring it in contact with the mucosa for contact digestion and |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: bacterial flora | populate large intestine about 800 species of bacteria ferment cellulose and other undigested carbohydrates we absorb resulting sugars help in synthesis vitamins B and K |
| Lecture 8 Part 2 : The Urinary System: The urinary system | The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra. It is an excretory system for urine and the wastes it carries. It extracts wastes from the bloodstream, converts them to urine, then transports and eliminates it. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: The kidneys | The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located at the back of the abdominal cavity, lying on each side of the spinal column just above the waistline |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: 3 layers that surround the kidneys | : the true capsule is a smooth, fibrous membrane adhering to the kidney surface; the perirenal fat is adipose tissue surrounding each kidney; the renal fascia is fibrous tissue that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: hilum (HĪ lum). | The notch in the concave area of the kidney is called the hilum (HĪ lum). |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: The ureter | also widens into a collection sac called the renal pelvis in the hilum area. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: The renal cortex | The renal cortex is the outside portion; the medulla is the inside. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: Each kidneys contains | Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons, (NEF rahn) the structural and functional units of the kidney. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: nephrons | The nephron filters approximately 1,000 ml. of blood per minute… a little over a liter per minute. The waste is mixed with water to create urine: 5% solids in 95% water. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: nephrons function | The nephron removes urea, uric acid, creatinine, and excess sodium, chloride, potassium ions, and ketone bodies from the blood, It also helps maintain normal fluid balances in the body by allowing reabsorption of water and some electrolytes back into the |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: Ureters contains | Each kidney has a ureter. It is a narrow, muscular tube about 11 inches in length and 3/8 inch in diameter |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: Ureter walls | Ureter walls have 3 layers: 1.the inner mucous membrane, 2.the middle smooth muscle, 3. and the outer fibrous tissue. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: The bladder | The urinary bladder is a mThe bladder has an upper portion called an apex, a neck that extends downward into the urethra, and the triangular trigone (TRĪ gōan) near the base. muscular, membranous sac that serves as a reservoir for urine. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: The bladder definition part 2 | The bladder has an inner mucous layer, an outside fibrous layer, and two inner muscle layers. As the bladder fills with urine, the muscular walls thin and expand |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: The urethra | The urethra extends from the bladder to the outside opening of the body called the urinary meatus. The urethra is about 7.8” long in the male, and transports both urine and semen. It is only about 1.2” long in the female and transports only urine. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: Catheterization | Catheterization is the insertion of a plastic tube through the urethra into the bladder for free and complete drainage of urine. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: Robinson catheter | A Robinson catheter is for temporary placement and drainage of the bladder. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: Foley catheter | A Foley catheter has a balloon on the tip that holds the tube in place for a longer term. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: Urinary Incontinence | Urinary incontinence is loss of bladder control, ranging from leakage to uncontrollable wetting and becoming more common with age |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: weak bladder | Weak bladder muscles may result in stress incontinence, or accidents when you sneeze, laugh or lift a heavy object. |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: Overactive bladder | causes a strong urge to go to the bathroom when you have little urine in your bladder. Prostate problems and nerve damage may also cause incontinence |
| Lecture 9: The Cardiovascular System : The cardiovascular system | The cardiovascular system consists of heart and blood vessels Sends blood to Lungs for oxygen Digestive system for nutrients CV system also circulates waste products to certain organ systems for removal from the blood |
| Lecture 9: The Heart: Structures | -Cone-shaped organ about the size of a loose fist -In the mediastinum -Extends from the level of the second rib to about the level of the --sixth rib -Slightly left of the midline |
| Lecture 9: The Heart: Structures (cont.)pt2 | Heart is bordered: -Laterally by the lungs -Posteriorly by the vertebral column -Anteriorly by the sternum -Rests on the diaphragm inferiorly |
| Lecture 9: HEART COVERINGS Pericardium | Covers the heart and large blood vessels attached to the heart |
| Lecture 9: Visceral pericardium | Innermost layer Directly on the heart |
| Lecture 9: Parietal pericardium | Layer on top of the visceral pericardium |
| Lecture 9: HEART WALLS Epicardium | Outermost layer Fat to cushion heart |
| Lecture 9: Myocardium | Middle layer Primarily cardiac muscle |
| Lecture 9: Endocardium | Innermost layer Thin and smooth Stretches as the heart pumps |
| Lecture 9: The Heart: Structures (cont.) pt 3 Four chambers | 2 atria's & 2 ventricles |
| Lecture 9: 2 atria's | Upper chambers Left and right Separated by interatrial septum |
| Lecture 9: 2 ventricles | Lower chambers Left and right Separated by interventricular septum |
| Lecture 9: Atrioventricular septum | separates the atria's from the ventricles |
| Lecture 9: The Heart: Structures (cont.) pt 5 Tricuspid valve - | – prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts |
| Lecture 9: Bicuspid valve – | prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts |
| Lecture 9: Pulmonary valve – | prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle |
| Lecture 9: Aortic valve – | prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle |
| Lecture 9: One heartbeat = one cardiac cycle | -Atria contract and relax -Ventricles contract and relax |
| Lecture 9: Right atrium contracts | -Tricuspid valve opens -Blood fills right ventricle |
| Lecture 9: Right ventricle contracts | -Tricuspid valve closes -Pulmonary semilunar valve opens -Blood flows into pulmonary artery |
| Lecture 9: Left atrium contracts | -Bicuspid valve opens -Blood fills left ventricle |
| Lecture 9: Left ventricle contracts | -Bicuspid valve closes -Aortic semilunar valve opens -Blood pushed into aorta |
| Lecture 9: The Heart Structure (cont.) pt6 One cardiac cycle | two heart sounds (lubb and dubb) when valves in the heart snap shut |
| Lecture 9: Lubb – First sound | When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut |
| Lecture 9: Dubb – Second sound | When the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut |
| Lecture 9: Sinoatrial node (SA node) | -Wall of right atrium -Generates impulse -Natural pacemaker -Sends impulse to AV node |
| Lecture 9: Atrioventricular node (AV node) | -Between atria just above ventricles -Atria contract -Sends impulse to the bundle of His |
| Lecture 9: Bundle of His | -Between ventricles -Two branches -Sends impulse to Purkinje fibers |
| Lecture 9: Purkinje fibers | -Lateral walls of ventricles -Ventricles contract |
| Lecture 9: Blood Vessels pt1: Arteries and Arterioles | Strongest of the blood vessels Carry blood away from the heart |
| Lecture 9: Under high pressure | -Vasoconstriction -Vasodilation |
| Lecture 9: Arterioles | Small branches of arteries |
| Lecture 9: Aorta | Takes blood from the heart to the body |
| Lecture 9: Coronary arteries | Supply blood to heart muscle |
| Lecture 9: Blood Vessels pt2: Veins and Venules Blood under no pressure in VEINS | -Does not move very easily -Skeletal muscle contractions help move blood -Sympathetic nervous system also influences pressure |
| Lecture 9: Valves prevent | backflow |
| Lecture 9: VENULES | -Small vessels formed when capillaries merge |
| Lecture 9: Superior and inferior vena cava | -Largest veins -Carry blood into right atrium |
| Lecture 9: How do arteries control blood pressure? | ANS: The muscular walls of arteries can constrict to increase blood pressure or dilate to decrease blood pressure. |
| Lecture 9: Blood Pressure Force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood vessels | -Highest in arteries -Lowest in veins |
| Lecture 9: Systolic pressure | VENTRICLES CONTRACT Blood pressure is at its greatest in the arteries |
| Lecture 9: Diastolic pressure | VENTRICES RELAX Blood pressure in arteries is at its lowest |
| Lecture 9: Blood pressure function: | -Control is based mainly on the amount of blood pumped out of the heart -The amount of blood entering should equal the amount pumped from the heart |
| Lecture 9: Baroreceptors | -Also help regulate blood pressure -Located in the aorta and carotid arteries -High blood pressure in aorta message to cardiac center in brain decreases heart rate lowers blood pressure -Low blood pressure in aorta message to cardiac center in |
| Lecture 9: What is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure? | Systolic pressure is the result of the contraction of the ventricles increasing the pressure in the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the result of the relaxation of the ventricles lowering the pressure in the arteries. |
| Lecture 9: Pulmonary circuit | right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery trunk pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins heart (left atrium) |
| Lecture 9: Systemic circuit | left atrium left ventricle aorta arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins vena cava heart (right atrium) |
| Lecture 9: Arterial system | -Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart -Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood -Paired – left and right artery of the same name |
| Lecture 9: Do pulmonary arteries carry blood with high levels of oxygen or low levels of oxygen? | ANS: : Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood. |
| Lecture 9: Blood A type of connective tissue | -(erythrocytes) -(leukocytes) -Platelets -Plasma |
| Lecture 9: (erythrocytes) | Red Blood Cells |
| Lecture 9: (leukocytes) | White Blood Cells |
| Lecture 9: Platelets | Cell fragments |
| Lecture 9: Plasma | fluid part of blood |
| Lecture 9: Blood Components Hematocrit percentage | -The percentage of red blood cells -Normal is about 45% |
| Lecture 9: Erythrocytes Transportation | Transport oxygen throughout the body |
| Lecture 9: Small biconcave | shaped cells |
| Lecture 9: Hemoglobin | is a pigment in red blood cell (RBC) |
| Lecture 9: Oxyhemoglobin | carries oxygen; bright red |
| Lecture 9: Deoxyhemoglobin | does not carry oxygen; darker red |
| Lecture 9: Carboxyhemoglobin | Carries carbon dioxide |
| Lecture 9: Anemia | low RBC count |
| Lecture 9: Erythropoietin | regulates production of RBCs |
| Lecture 9: Blood Components: White Blood Cells Granulocytes | a type of white blood cell that has small granules inside the proteins |
| Lecture 9: Specific types of Granulocytes | -Neutrophils (55%) -Eosinophils (3%) -Basophils (1%) |
| Lecture 9: Neutrophils (55%) | destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the bloodstream (phagocytes) |
| Lecture 9: Eosinophils (3%) | get rid of parasitic infections such as worm infections |
| Lecture 9: Basophils (1%) | control inflammation and allergic reactions |
| Lecture 9: Agranulocytes | white blood cells that hove no distinct granules in their cytoplasm. |
| Lecture 9: Specific types of Agranulocytes | -Monocytes (8%) -Lymphocytes (33%) |
| Lecture 9: Monocytes (8%) | destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in blood |
| Lecture 9: Lymphocytes (33%) | provide immunity for the body |
| Lecture 9: White Blood Cells (WBC) | WBC count normally 5000 to 10,000 cells per cubic millimeter of blood |
| Lecture 9: Leukocytosis | -Elevated WBC count -Usually due to infection |
| Lecture 9: Leukopenia | -Low WBC count -Some viral infections and other conditions |
| Lecture 9: Platelets | Fragments of cells found in the bloodstream |
| Lecture 9: Thrombocytes | the clotting process of blood |
| Lecture 9: Blood Components: Plasma | Liquid portion of blood composed mostly of water Proteins |
| Lecture 9: Albumins in Plasma | -Smallest plasma proteins -Pull water in to help maintain blood pressure |
| Lecture 9: Globulins | transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins |
| Lecture 9: Fibrinogen | needed for blood clotting |
| Lecture 9: Nutrients in Plasma | -Amino acids -Glucose -Nucleotides -Lipids from the digestive tract |
| Lecture 9: Nutrients in Plasma pt2 | -Gases – oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen -Electrolytes -Waste products |
| Lecture 9: Blood: Bleeding Control Hemostasis | the control of bleeding |
| Lecture 9: 3 processes of homeostasis | 1. Blood vessel spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation |
| Lecture 9: True or False Hematocrit is the percentage of WBCs in the blood? | Ans: False. RBC's |
| Lecture 9: Neutrophils destroy bacteria, viruses, and toxins in the bloodstream. T or F | T. |
| Lecture 9: Platelets are important to the clotting process. T or F | T. Pulls water into |
| Lecture 9: Albumin is a small plasma protein that pushes water out of the bloodstream. T or F | F. |
| Lecture 9: Hemostasis is the control of bleeding. T or F | T. |
| Lecture 9: A person with type AB blood can only receive type AB blood. | F. can receive any type of blood |
| Lecture 9: Blood should be matched for Rh factor. T or F | T. |
| Lecture 10: Functions of the Respiratory System | Air Distributor Gas exchanger -Filters, warms, and humidifies air -Influences speech -Allows for sense of smell |
| Lecture 10: Divisions of the Respiratory System: -Upper respiratory tract (outside thorax)- | -Nose -Nasal Cavity -Sinuses -Pharynx -Larynx |
| Lecture 10: Nose | warms and moistens air |
| Lecture 10: Palantine bone | separates nasal cavity from mouth |
| Lecture 10: Cleft palate | Palantine bone does not form correctly, difficulty in swallowing and speaking |
| Lecture 10: Septum | separates right and left nostrils |
| Lecture 10: Rich Blood Supply | nose bleeds |
| Lecture 10: Sinuses | 4 air containing spaces – open or drain into nose - (lowers weight of skull). |
| Lecture 10: Structures of the Upper Respiratory Tract | nose or nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, throat (pharynx), and voice box (larynx). |
| Lecture 10: Larynx | voice box |
| Lecture 10: Structures of the Lower Respiratory Tract The Larynx | Made of cartilage |
| Lecture 10: 2 pairs of folds Larynx | Vestibular -False vocal cords True vocal cords |
| Lecture 10: Vestibular | False vocal cords |
| Lecture 10: Thyroid cartilage | (adam’s apple) - larger in males due to testosterone. |
| Lecture 10: Epiglottis | flap of skin (hatch) on trachea, moves when swallowing and speaking. |
| Lecture 10: Bronchi | Tubes that branch off trachea and enter into lungs |
| Lecture 10: 1st Branch of Bronchii | Primary |
| Lecture 10: 2st Branch of Bronchii | Secondary |
| Lecture 10: 3rd Branch of Bronchii | Tertiary |
| Lecture 10: 4th Branch of Bronchii | bronchioles |
| Lecture 10: Bronchioles branch | -into microscopic alveolar ducts. Terminate into alveolar sacs -gas exchange with blood occurs in sacs. |
| Lecture 10: Lungs | -Extend from diaphragm to clavicles -Divided into lobes by fissures. -Visceral pleura adheres to the lungs. |
| Lecture 10: Pleurisy | inflammation of the pleural lining |
| Lecture 10: Pulmonary Ventilation = | breathing |
| Lecture 10: breathing 1ts Mechanism | Movement of gases through a pressure gradient - hi to low. |
| Lecture 10: breathing 2nd Mechanism | When atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) is greater than lung pressure ---- air flows in = inspiration |
| Lecture 10: breathing 3rd Mechanism | When lung pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure ---- air flows out = expiration. |
| Lecture 10: Pressure gradients | are established by changes in thoracic cavity. |
| Lecture 10: increase size in thorax = | a decrease in pressure --- air moves in. |
| Lecture 10: decrease size in thorax = | a increase in pressure --- air moves out. |
| Lecture 10: Tidal volume = | amount of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration. Normal - about 500 ml |
| Lecture 10: Expiratory Reserve volume = | - additional amount of air forcibly expired after tidal expiration (1000 - 1200 ml). |
| Lecture 10: Inspiratory Reserve volume = | (deep breath) amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled over and above normal. |
| Lecture 10: Residual volume = | amount of air that stays trapped in the alveoli (about 1.2 liters). |
| Lecture 10: Vital capacity | the largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs. = sum of IRV+TV+ERV |
| Lecture 10: Depends of many factors of Vital capacity | -size of thoracic cavity -posture -volume of blood in lungs congestive heart failure, emphysema, disease, etc… |
| Lecture 10: Eupnea | normal quiet breathing, 12-17 breaths per minute. |
| Lecture 10: Hyperpnea | increase in breathing to meet an increased demand by body for oxygen. |
| Lecture 10: Hyperventilation | increase in pulmonary ventilation in excess of the need for oxygen. -Someone hysterical -Breathe into paper bag -exertion |
| Lecture 10: Hypoventilation | decrease in pulmonary ventilation. |
| Lecture 10: Apnea | temporary cessation of breathing at the end of normal expiration. |
| Lecture 10: Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? | Distribution of oxygen to cells |
| Lecture 10: The common name for the trachea is _______ | windpipe |
| Lecture 10: The structure known as the Adam’s Apple located in neck is the _____ | Thyroid Cartilage |
| Lecture 10: The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are the | Bronchioles |
| Lecture 10: The flap or opening to the trachea is the | Epiglottis |
| Lecture 10: The structure that separates the right and left nasal cavities is the ____________ | Septum |
| Lecture 10: The incorrect formation of the palantine bone during gestation is known as a __________ | Cleft Palate |
| Lecture 10: During inspiration which of the following does not occur? | Intercostals relax |
| Lecture 10: Which of the following activities is the best analogy of respiration? | Exchanging gifts |
| Lecture 10: Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of the… | Diaphragm |
| Lecture 9: 3 Heart walls | epicardium myocardium endocardium |
| Lecture 10: Respiration Lower Tract Q's : | The pathway of one oxygen molecule |
| Lecture 9: Matching Q's: Tricuspid valve | Between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
| Lecture 9: Matching Q's: Bicuspid valve | Between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
| Lecture 9: Matching Q's: Pericardium | Covering of the heart and aorta |
| Lecture 9: Matching Q's: SA node | Natural Pacemaker |
| Lecture 9: Matching Q's: Bundle of His | Two branches; sends impulse to Purkinje fibers |
| Lecture 9: Matching Q's: Purkinje fibers | In the lateral walls of ventricles |
| Lecture 10: Why is it important that oxygen is carry blood in the body | To make energy |
| Lecture 10: Hemophiliac | the inability clotting blood |
| Lecture 6: Master Apparatus | develops over time |
| Lecture 6: Sene Perimore | Separation between humans and animals |
| Lecture 6: Neurons are: | Neurons are nerve cells |
| Lecture 8 Part 2: Renal Pelvis: | Ureters widen then gets exit out to the urethra |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: What is absorbed in the small intestine? | Chyme |
| Lecture 9: High Blood Pressure in Aorta | decreases heart rate lower blood pressure |
| Lecture 9: Low Blood Pressure in Aorta | increases heart rate increase blood pressure |
| Lecture 8 part 1: Hydrochloric acid | -activates pepsin & lipase -help liquefy food to form chyme |
| Lecture 8 part 1: Most enzymes end in: | "ase'. |
| Lecture 8 Part 1: What is absorbed in the small intestine? | Chyme |
| Lecture 9: Right side of atria contracts (Tricuspid) Valves: | Opens |
| Lecture 9: Right side of ventricles contracts (Tricuspid) Valves: | Closes |
| Lecture 9: Left side of atria contracts (Bicuspid) Valves: | Opens |
| Lecture 9: Left side of ventricles contracts (Bicuspid) Valves: | Closes |
Created by:
Rodney C
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