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Micro Exam 1
CH 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom are called ______ . | protons |
| The atomic number of an element is ________. | the number of protons |
| The atomic mass of an atom is the sum of the masses of the ____________. | protons, electrons, and neutrons |
| The element carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus. Which of the following represents the carbon-14 isotope? | 6 protons + 8 neutrons |
| How do atoms interact with one another to form chemical bonds? | They share and transfer valence electrons |
| The more electronegative an atom, the greater the pull its nucleus exerts on ____________. | electrons |
| What drives bonding between atoms? | Filling electrons valence shells |
| Electrolytes are critical for life for all of the following reasons ______, _________, ________. | they allow electrical gradients across membranes, they act as electron carriers, and they are components for some enzymes |
| Which type of bond forms between a hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of a second water molecule? | Hydrogen bond |
| Which type of chemical bond forms between a cation and an anion? | Ionic bond |
| What illustrates a synthesis reaction? | 6 H2O + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Reactions that require energy are called ______ reactions. | Endergonic |
| In a ____ reaction, two small molecules are joined by a covalent bond, and a water molecule is released. | Dehydration |
| The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism is called ________. | Metabolism |
| What is an exchange reaction? | A + BC --> AB + C |
| What is NOT a special property of water? | Water converts from a liquid to a gas quickly and over a narrow range of temperature. |
| Which of the following are ways to measure pH in the laboratory? | pH meter |
| Substances that can be added to a microbial culture to prevent drastic changes in pH are called _________ . | Buffers |
| Helicobacter pylori can survive in the stomach because it is tolerant to _______. | Low pH = acidic conditions |
| The concentration of H+ in milk of magnesia, which has a pH of 10, is ________ lower than that of seawater, which has a pH of 8. | 100 |
| What are characteristics of lipids? | Hydrophobic, composed on C and H atoms by nonpolar colavent bonds, and 4 major groups of lipids |
| Which type of macromolecule is a polysaccharide? | Carbohydrate |
| The sequence of amino acids in a protein is known as the protein’s _______ structure. | Primary |
| What are characteristics of nucleic acids? | DNA is double-stranded & RNA is single-stranded, DNA contains deoxyribose & RNA contains ribose, DNA is genetic material & RNA is protein synthesis |
| What is the MOST important short-term energy storage molecule? | Adenosine triphosphate |
| Nucleotides are composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. What is the nitrogenous base found in R N A but NOT in D N A? | Uracil |
| Which scientist provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation? | Needham |
| The microorganisms Antoni van Leeuwenhoek called "animalcules" we would recognize as | bacteria and protozoa |
| What was a crucial difference between the work of John T. Needham and Louis Pasteur on the question of spontaneous generation? | whether or not the flasks were sealed |
| What were aspects of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation? | He used: S shaped flasks, boiled the infusions to kill present microbes, the flasks were free of microbes until opened, and they were incubated for a long period of time |
| Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called | prokaryotes |
| The experiments conducted by John T. Needham using infusions were interpreted as supporting the theory of | spontaneous generation |
| An explanation of observations and data supported by the experimental results of many scientists for many years is ____. | a theory |
| Louis Pasteur is considered the Father of Microbiology because of the many carefully conducted experiments and observations he made with microbes. | True |
| Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms. | True |
| A scientist conducts experiments to test a _________. | Hypothesis |
| All of the following are components of an amino acid EXCEPT a _____ | pentose group |
| What is an example of a polysaccharide? | glycogen |
| The laboratory synthesis of urea disproved what idea? | Organic molecules could come only from living organisms |
| What are the two types of prokaryotic organisms? | bacteria and archaea |
| What is the typical size range for eukaryotic cells? | 10-100 um |
| What are characteristics of all living things? | responsiveness, growth, and reproduction |
| What is found ONLY in eukaryotes? | Endocytosis |
| Sometimes prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a gelatinous, sticky substance. What is this structure called? | Glycocalyx |
| What are the parts of bacterial flagella? | Basal body, hook, and filament |
| Cells use ______ to transfer D N A from one cell to another via conjugation. | Pili |
| What BEST describes the major function of the bacterial cell wall? | Protection from osmotic forces (why?) |
| Proteinaceous filaments, shaped like barbed wire with 3 hooks on the end called __________, may radiate from archaea to help secure them to surfaces. | Hami |
| What is a function of the cytoplasmic membrane? | Controlling the passage of substances into and out of the cell |
| What is TRUE of the selectively permeable membrane? | It can maintain a concentration gradient |
| What is a true statement about endospores? | Endospores form in response to harsh environmental conditions (limited nutrients) |
| Inclusions in prokaryotic cells may be deposits of __________. | lipids |
| A bacterial cell, which has a cytoplasmic solute concentration equal to 0.85% NaCl, is placed into a tube containing a solution that has a NaCl concentration of 0.2%. Into what type of solution has the cell been placed? | Hypotonic |
| What is found in BOTH Gram-negative and Gram-positive cell walls? | Peptidoglycan |
| Which cell wall structure has the thickest peptidoglycan layer? | Gram (+) bacteria |
| What is true about LPS? | It is an endotoxin |
| Lysozyme is an antibacterial enzyme in human tears that degrades peptidoglycan. Which type of organisms would be MOST sensitive to lysozyme? | Gram (+) bacteria |
| Mycoplasma lack cell walls entirely. What characteristic would you expect for these bacteria? | Sensitivity to osmotic lysis |
| What BEST describes the ribosomes of eukaryotic cells? | Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S |
| What are the functions of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? | anchoring organelles, giving a cell its shape, and moving organelles within the cell |
| Which organelle is responsible for receiving, processing, and packaging large molecules that are destined to be secreted from the cell? | Golgi body |
| The _________ plays a role in lipid synthesis and transport. | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| What structures must eukaryotic cells have in order to harvest light energy during photosynthesis? | Chloroplasts |
| ________ proposes that eukaryotic cells formed when a large anaerobic prokaryote engulfed a smaller aerobic prokaryotic cell. | Endosymbiotic Theory (anaerobic + aerobic prokaryotes = eukaryote) |
| Rank nano, deci, micro, and milli in order from largest to smallest. | Decimeter>Millimeter>Micrometer>Millimeter |
| What measurement unit is used with scaling cells? | Micrometer |
| A millimeter is ______. | 1/1,000 of one meter |
| What is the equivalent to 3 micrometers? | 0.000003 m or 3 x 10^-6 m |
| What unit of measure is used to measure the size of viruses and cellular organelles? | Nanometer |
| The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation includes ________ . | visible light, X rays, and microwaves |
| The various forms of radiation differ in their _________. | wavelength |
| What do you call a microscope’s ability to distinguish two objects that are close together? | Resolution |
| What quality of lenses used in microscopes improves the resolution of the microscope? | Numerical aperture of the lenses |
| With regard to microscopy, contrast is best described as _______. | the difference in the intensity between an object and its background |
| In immunofluorescence, fluorescent dyes are attached to antibodies because ______. | antibodies will bind specifically with the structure or cells of interest |
| Oil immersion lenses increase both ________ and _______________ . | Magnification and resolution |
| Which type of light microscopy increases the contrast to such an extent that the image of the specimen appears three-dimensional? | Differential interference contrast |
| One benefit that sets atomic force microscopes apart from other electron microscopes is __________ | They can be used to magnify living organisms |
| Which type of microscopy uses an electron beam to create a three-dimensional image of cell surfaces? | scanning electron |
| Why do scientists use stains to view microbes? | To observe the specimen while it is alive |
| In a negative stain __________. | The background is stained, leaving the cell colorless |
| Differential staining can be used for what? | To differentiate types of cells, structures within cells, and detect the presence of certain chemicals in cells |
| Why are some bacteria, such as those of the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia, NOT effectively stained with the Gram stain? | They have large amounts of waxy lipids in their cell walls that don't combine with the dye |
| Application of methyl alcohol during slide preparation leads to what? | Desiccation, fixation, and preservation of cell shape and size |
| Carolus Linnaeus grouped similar organisms that can successfully interbreed into categories called __________. | Species |
| What is the correct binomial name for a species? | Escherichia coli |
| What is the basis for assigning organisms into domains? | Ribosomal nucleotide sequences |
| When performing phage typing, how would one know whether the bacterium is killed by any of the bacteriophages? | Formation of a plaque |
| What is one way in which microbiologists can distinguish different bacteria that are similar in morphology and staining characteristics? | Biochemical testing |
| Which two domains in the 3-domain system are within the kingdom Prokaryotae of the 5-kingdom system? | Bacteria and Archaea |
| What is the name of the process in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller products to release energy? | Catabolism |
| How do enzymes catalyze reactions? | They lower the activation energy needed to trigger a reaction |
| When electrons are transferred from donor molecules to acceptor molecules in a redox reaction, what happens to the donor molecule? | It is oxidized |
| Extremes in pH can disrupt an enzyme by _______ . | Denaturation and disrupting the secondary/tertiary structures |
| A site on an enzyme other than the active site that can bind molecules and influence the shape of the active site is referred to as a(n) __________. | Allosteric site |
| The direct transfer of phosphate between substrates is called _______. | Substrate-level phosphorylation |
| Which cellular process results in the MOST ATP production? | Chemiosmosis |
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in prokaryotes? | Cytoplasmic membrane |
| Cellular respiration results in the complete breakdown of ________ to ___________ and __________. | glucose into CO2 and H2O |
| What cellular process occurs in the absence of oxygen, oxidizes NADH to NAD+, and reduces cellular organic molecules? | Fermentation |
| What is the MOST common lipid involved in the production of ATP and various metabolites? | Fat |
| What is the FIRST step of lipid catabolism? | Lipase hydrolyzes fat into glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
| During lipid catabolism, fatty acid chains undergo beta-oxidation to create __________. | acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2 |
| What is the FIRST step of protein catabolism? | Proteases break down proteins into their constituent amino acids |
| The process by which the amino group from an amino acid is removed to produce a molecule that can be catabolized in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle is referred to as ___________. | Deamination |
| What is the function of photosystems within cells? | To absorb light energy and store it in the form of ATP and NADPH |
| What are characteristics of photosystems? | 1) They are embedded in thylakoids 2) They use redox reactions to store energy in molecules of ATP 3)They are involved in both cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation |
| In noncyclic photophosphorylation, organisms must constantly replenish ___________ to the reaction center of photosystem II. | electrons |
| The main result of the Calvin-Benson cycle, which is part of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, is _________. | Carbon fixation |
| What is the final electron acceptor in cyclic photophosphorylation? | The original electron donor |
| Reactions that can proceed toward catabolism or anabolism are called _________ reactions. | amphibolic |
| Which cellular structures are responsible for joining together amino acids to form proteins? | Ribosomes |
| Synthesis of purines and pyrimidines require ______... | ribose-5-phosphate, folic acid, and glutamine & aspartic acid (amino acids) |
| What are ways that cells regulate metabolic function? | control of gene expression, use of coenzymes for different pathways, and feedback inhibition |
| What is one metabolic process that generates the glycerol precursor necessary for lipid biosynthesis? | glycolysis |
| What occurs when aerobic bacteria are deprived of oxygen? | electrons build up in electron transport chain, excess NADH inhibits krebs cycle, and excess pyruvic acid inhibits glycolysis |
| What are components found in bacterial cell walls? | lipoteichoic and mycolic acids |
| Lipid A is a component of | Lipopolysaccharides |
| Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma lack cell walls. What sort of environment do they require for survival? | Isotonic |
| Which of the following is part of the structure of the mitochondria of a eukaryotic cell? | cristae (peaks due to the inner membrane of mitochondria) |
| Which of the following chemical substances contributes to the unique characteristics of acid-fast bacteria? | lipoteichoic acid |
| Some ________ may have pili. | bacteria |
| Which of the following may have cell walls containing teichoic acids? | Gram (+) bacteria |
| Which of the following prokaryotic cells contain an outer membrane? | Gram (-) bacteria |
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus | Package things for export out of the cell |
| _________ contain enzymes that degrade poisonous wastes | perioxisomes |
| GMS stains identify _____ and HE stains identify ________. | Fungi; cancer cells |
| Carl Woese proposed the concept of the domain based on differences of which of the following cellular molecules? | ribosomal rna |
| A virologist wants to observe the three-dimensional surface features of virus particles she is studying. Which of the following microscopes would be most useful for her observations? | scanning and atomic force |
| The microscope preferred for viewing living specimens is the ________ microscope. | phase contrast |
| A ________ microscope provides images that are "slices" of the specimen which may be assembled digitally to produce a three-dimensional representation of the specimen. | confocal |
| You are shown a micrograph from a light microscope in which the specimens appear sharply focused and nearly three-dimensional. The micrograph is probably from a ________ microscope. | Differential interference contrast |
| In a transmission electron microscope, the "lenses" are ______ | Magnets |
| Which of the following phenomena produces magnification? | refraction of radiation as it passes through a lense |
| What describes a type of potential rather than kinetic energy? | sucrose molecule |
| Which of the following terms most precisely identifies the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? | catabolism |
| What do anabolic pathways do? | Build up monomers into polymers using energy |
| What is the central role of ATP in cellular metabolism? | Provide energy coupling between endergonic and exergonic reactions |
| ATP structure is most similar to | RNA nucleotide |
| What is the function of an enzyme? | Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers. |
| An apoenzyme requires ________ to be active. | cofactors |
| If a cell reverses the process of beta-oxidation, which of the following molecules will it make? | fatty acids |
| The metabolic processes called fermentation ________ | use an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor. |
| The conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA can be described as ________, because a molecule of CO2 is produced as a by-product. | decarboxylation |
| During the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from pyruvic acid, ________ is produced. | NADH |
| Hydrolases are generally involved in ________ reactions. | CATABOLIC |
| Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of stages in glycolysis? | energy investment, lysis, energy consevration |
Created by:
omweg
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