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Cells and Tissues
| science | the study of the natural world, which includes all matter and all energy |
| biology | one of the many branches of science that is the study of living organisms and life's processes |
| anatomy | the study of structure |
| physiology | the study of function of our bodies |
| all living things | have a different molecular composition than nonliving things, require energy and raw materials, are composed of cells, maintain homeostasis, respond to their external environment, grow and reproduce, and evolve |
| metabolism | the physical and chemical processes involved in transforming energy and molecules so that life can be sustained |
| homeostasis | the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment |
| categories of the classification system (from largest to smallest) | domain. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, and species |
| three domains | bacteria, archaea, and eukarya |
| bacteria and archaea are: | prokaryotes |
| eukarya are: | eukaryotes |
| eukarya is divided into | protista (protozoans and algae), animalia (animals), fungi, and plantae (plants) |
| species | one or more populations of organisms with similar physical and functional characteristics that interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions |
| atom | smallest unit of an element: composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| molecule | two or more atoms held together in a stable association with each other |
| cell | fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms |
| tissue | a group of similar associated cells specialized to perform a specific function |
| organ | a structure composed of two or more different tissues working together to perform a specific function |
| organ system | a group of organs that work together to serve a broad function important to the survival of an organism or species |
| organism | an individual living being composed of several organs or organ systems |
| population | a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same geographic area and interact with each other |
| community | all the populations of different species that coexist and interact within the same environment |
| ecosystem | all living organisms in a given area plus the physical environment and energy |
| biosphere | the sum total of all ecosystems on earth |
| defining features of humans | bipedalism. large brains with a unique shape, capacity for complex language, and opposable thumbs |
| science is two things: | knowledge and process |
| scientific method | the process of science, or the way scientific knowledge is acquired or a variety of methods |
| independent variable | the variable specifically chosen by the investigator to be changed at the beginning of the experiment (manipulated) |
| dependent variable | the variable measured and analyzed after the experiment is complete see if it has changed or been affected by the independent variable (response) |
| experimental group | the group of subjects that receives the experimental treatment |
| controlled group | a group of subjects that undergoes all the steps in the experiment expect the one being tested and used to evaluate all possible factors that might influence the expeirment other than the experimental treatment |
| to which of the following domains of life do humans belong? | eukarya |
| to which of the following domains do unicellular organisms, which lack nuclei, belong? | both archaea and bacteria |
| new scientific knowledge is gained through a multistep process known as: | the scientific method |
| a broad hypothesis that has been supported by repeated experimentation is known as : | a theory |
| which of the following is used when developing a hypothesis? | both observations and inductive reasoning |
| the smallest unit of life that demonstrates all the properties of life is a(n): | cell |
| which of the following lists the steps of the scientific method in order? | observation, hypothesis development, prediction, experimentation |
| what is usually plotted on the x-axis of a graph? | independent variable |
| an acceptable scientific hypothesis: | can be tested and can be proven false |
| the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment is: | homeostasis |
| all of the following are features that collectively distinguish humans from other animals expect: | ability to evolve as a species |
| elements | the simplest and purest forms of matter that cannot be further broken down |
| isotopes | versions of elements that have more or fewer neutrons than the typical form of that element |
| radioisotopes | highly unstable isotopes that release energy (radiation) over time until they reach a more stable state. they can be dangerous to human health , but when used carefully can be used for important medical tests and treatments |
| ions | atoms or molecules (group of bonded atoms) that have a net positive or negative charge |
| protons | the nucleus is made a positively charged particles |
| neutrons | a nearly equal number of neutral particles |
| electrons | smaller negatively charged particles |
| ionic bonds | the bond between two oppositely charged ions (moderate) |
| covalent bonds | a bond in which the sharing electrons between atoms results in each atom having a maximally filled outermost shell of electrons (strong) |
| hydrogen bonds | the bond between oppositely charged regions of molecules that contain covalently bonded hydrogen atoms |
| pH scale | reflects the measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| acids | any molecule that have a lot of hydrogen, and want to give them away (donate) |
| bases | any molecule that can accept (combine with) an H+ ion |
| the higher the hydrogen concetration | the lower the pH score |
| buffer | any substance that tends to minimize the changes in pH that might otherwise occur when an acid or base is added to a solution |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | an universal energy source for cells |
| four macromolecules: | nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, fats (lipids) |
| if a molecule of starch is repeatedly hydrolyzed, which of the final product? | glucose |
| which of these molecules would be described as hydrophobic? | cholesterol |
| ______ bonds form between the oxygen and hydrogen within water molecules, whereas _________ bonds form between different water molecules | covalent...hydrogen |
| nucleic acids | to store genetic information and instructions to make proteins |
| proteins | the building blocks of cells and controller of chemical reactions |
| carbohydrates | energy source for cells and store energy |
| fats (lipids) | build membranes and store energy |
| the primary structure of a protein is maintained by _______ bonds | ionic |
| DNA ultimately contains the instructions for the assembly of | proteins |
| cell theory | all living things are composed of cells and cell products, a single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life, all cells are derived from preexisting cells |
| plasma membrane | all cells are surrounded by an outer membrane |
| function of plasma membrane | encloses the material inside the cell, which is mostly water but also contains ions, enzymes, and other structures the cell requires to maintain life |
| eukaryotes | have a nucleus |
| three basic structural components of eykaryotes: | plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm |
| nucleus | a membrane-bound compartment that houses the cell's genetic material and functions as its "information center" |
| cytoplasm | everything inside the cell except the "cell material" |
| cytosol | composed of a soft-gel-like fluid ("cell solution" |
| organelles | a variety of microscopic membrane-encloses compartments ("little organs") |
| function of organelles | digest nutrients and package cellular products |
Created by:
julesspatola
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