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K101 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What atoms make up 96.3% of living organisms? | C,H,O,N |
| atom | basic building blocks of matter |
| An element is made of.......? | An element is made of.......? |
| Compounds are......? | A mix of 1 or more elements |
| atomic number | number of protons in nucleus determine identity. |
| mass number | protons + neutrons |
| atomic mass | total mass (p+n+e) |
| isotopes differ how? | number of neutrons |
| ionic bonds | transfer electrons |
| covalent bonds | share electrons. |
| polar colavent | share electrons unequally |
| non polar covalent | share electrons equally |
| Hydrogen bonds | only bond to N,O,F |
| emergent properties of water | cohesive expansion upon freezing ability to moderate temperature versatility as a solvent |
| water is cohesive because | Hydrogen bonding with each other |
| adhesiveness is caused by | hydrogen bonds with polar surfaces |
| capillary action is.... | plants pulling nutrients up the stem |
| solution | liquid homogenous mix of substances |
| solvent | dissolving agent of solution |
| solute | dissolved substance |
| aqueous solution | a solution where water is the solvent |
| pH = | -log [H+] |
| acidic on the pH scale is | less than 7 |
| basic on the pH scale is | more than 7 |
| neutral on the pH scale is | 7 |
| buffers do what? | readily accept H+ or OH- |
| What is an isomer? | same molecular formula but has a different structure |
| cis isomer | x's on the same side (h) |
| trans isomer | x's on opposite sides (h) |
| hydroxyl formula | -OH |
| hydroxyl is.... | polar basic hydrophilic |
| real life example of hydroxyl | alcohol |
| carbonyl formula | oxygen double bonded to C |
| carbonyl is..... | polar hydrophilic acidic |
| real life example of carbonyl | acetone (nail polish remover) |
| ketone vs aldehyde | ketone: in middle aldehyde: at end |
| carboxyl formula | -c double bonded to an o with an OH |
| carboxyl is..... | acidic polar hydrophilic |
| real life example of carboxyl | formic acid |
| amino formula | -NH2 |
| amino is..... | basic polar hydrophobic |
| real life examples of amino..... | glycine all nitrogenous bases |
| sulfhydryl formula | -SH |
| sulfhydryl is..... | polar neutral hydrophilic |
| real life example of sulfhydryl | cysteine (sheep makes wool with it) - Thiols |
| Phosphate formula | P with 1 double bonded o and 3 single bonds |
| phosphate is..... | polar acidic hydrophilic ( DNA) ATP! |
| real life example of phosphate | ATP-ADP |
| Methyl formula | -CH3 |
| Methyl is..... | nonpolar neutral hydrophobic |
| real life example of methyl | methanol or foods with vitamin B |
| Condensation.... | makes monomers INTO polymers is called dehydration synthesis |
| Hydrolysis..... | makes monomers FROM polymers splitting by water |
| Glucose, Galactose, Fructose | monosaccaride |
| Sucrose | dissaccaride glucose + fructose |
| Lactose | dissaccaride galactose + glucose |
| Maltose | dissaccaride glucose + glucose |
| starch | linkage of alpha glucose storage in plants |
| cellulose | linkage of beta glucose indigestible |
| fats are given its properties by...... | double bonds |
| fats are | hydrophobic (don't mix with water) |
| saturated fats | have max C-H bonds solid at room temp |
| unsaturated fats | mono (one double bond) poly (two or more double bonds) liquid at room temp |
| trans fat | arrangement adjacent C and double bonds |
| hydrocarbons are the reason for.....? | ENERGY |
| hydrocarbons have ______ cal/g | 9 |
| Hydrocarbon formula Methane | CH4 |
| Hydrocarbon formula Ethane | C2H6 |
| Hydrocarbon formula Propane | C3H8 |
| Hydrocarbon formula Butane | C4H10 |
| Hydrocarbon formula Pentane | C5H12 |
| Hydrocarbon formula Hexane | C6H14 |
| Hydrocarbon formula Heptane | C7H16 |
| Hydrocarbon formula Octane | C8H20 |
| Hydrocarbon formula Nonane | C9H20 |
| Hydrocarbon formula Decane | C10H22 |
| Phospholipids | Glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains |
| Functional groups of phospholipids | choline + phosphate group + glycerol ) hydrophilic head fatty acids (hydrophobic tails) |
| The monomer of the protein is | Amino acids |
| The polymer of the protein is | polypeptide chain |
| enzymes end in... | ase |
| R group is polar if.... | it has oxygen |
| R group is non polar if...... | it does not have oxygen |
| R group is hydrophilic if...... | it is polar |
| R group is hydrophobic if...... | it is non polar |
| primary structure | unique sequence of amino acids held by peptide bonds |
| secondary structure | coils and folds in peptide chain held by hydrogen bonds |
| tertiary structure | determined by R-group interaction held by all types of bonds |
| Quaternary structure | multiple peptide chains |
| alpha chain | helix fold |
| beta chain | accordion fold |
| These are not synthesized by the body, but ingested. | Essential Amino Acids |
| f protein looses its shape, it | looses it function |
| Denaturization of proteins | cooking an egg (can't be undone) |
| Chaperonins | Fold some proteins correctly |
| Nucleic Acid Formula | Phosphate, sugar, base, deoxyribose sugar |
| Monomer of Nucleic Acids | Nucleotides |
| Ribose is the sugar for | RNA |
| Deoxyribose is the sugar for | DNA |
| The purine bases are | A and G |
| The pyrimidine bases are | C, U , and T |
| Thymine corresponds to | DNA |
| Uracil corresponds to | RNA |
| A bonds to | T or U |
| Held together by | phosphodiester bonds |
| C bonds to | G |
| Cell Theory | All organisms are made of cells |
| A prokaryotic cell.... | HAS NO NUCLEUS (Nucleiod) |
| Eukaryotic cells are characterized by.... | Compartmentalization DNA in a nucleus Organelles Cytoplasm between everything |
| Nucleus | contains cell genes |
| Nuclear Envelope | Encloses the nucleus consists of inner and outer membrane and the nuclear pore |
| Nuclear membrane | double membrane lipid bilayer |
| Nuclear Lamina | cytoskeleton proteins lining nuclear membrane |
| Disorders in Lamin A cause | Progeria |
| Rough ER functions | make all proteins that are secreted from cell |
| Smooth ER functions | synthesize lipids metabolize carbs calcium ion storage drug detox |
| Golgi Apparatus is like the | "Post Office" |
| Golgi Apparatus functions | manufacture macromolecules sort and package material replenishes cell membrane |
| Ribosomes are the.... | site of protein synthesis |
| Lysosome functions | "garbage man" digests garbage in the cell responible for programmed cell death |
| Lysosome disease | Tay sachs (HexA) |
| Peroxisome functions | break down PEROXides H2O2 -> H2O |
| Peroxisome diseases | ALD (Lorenzo's Oil) Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorder |
| Cytoskeleton main components | Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate Filaments |
| Microtubules | the thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton |
| Microfilaments | called actin filaments the thinnest components |
| Intermediate filaments | fibers with diameters in a middle range |
| Cilia Purpose | move foreign objects along a lumen |
| Flagella Purpose | move the cell its self (sperm) |
| Mitochondria | Cite of ATP generation |
| The Ocular Lens of a microscope has what magnification? | 10x |
| The magnifications of 10x, 40x and 100x belong to what type of lens | Objective |
| What kind of filter do most light microscopes have? | blue filter |
| Magnification refers to | the amount an object is enlarged by viewing through the lenses. |
| Resolution refers to | the ability of the microscope lens system to distinguish two separate points. |
| The image of a plant cell under low power compared to one of higher power of the same image would be | smaller and in a brighter field of view. |
| The maximum magnification on your light microscope is | 1000x |
| Microscopes that are _____ will remain nearly focused after the low-power objective lens is changed to a high-power. | par focal |
| Why is it best for microscopes to have a blue filter? | Most samples are stained red, so this allows the greatest contrast for images. |
| P1000 pipette man dispenses | 1ml max (1000 ul) to 100 ul |
| P200 pipette man dispenses | 200ul to 20 ul |
| P20 pipette man dispenses | 20ul to 2 ul |
| Simple sugars are a type of | carbohydrate |
| Carbohydrates use a(n) ______________ test. | Benedict's |
| An example of a complex carbohydrate is | Starch |
| If tested positive for carbohydrates, the mixture will turn | orange |
| This test was ________ in the spot plate. | heated |
| Starch uses a(n) __________ test | Iodine |
| If tested positive for starch, the mixture will turn | dark blue or black |
| Lipids use a(n) ________ test | Sudan IV |
| This test used a(n) | Microfuge and Centrifuge machine |
| If tested positive for a lipid, the mixture will turn | pink |
| Proteins use a(n) ________ test. | Biuret |
| If tested positive for a protein, the mixture will turn | violet or purple |
| In what ways are oils and fats different than the macromolecules? | Fats and oils are non polar. |
| A substance that gives a positive reaction to a benedict's test must be a | monosaccaride |
| A proteins or peptide that reacts with the Buiret agent to give a positive test will have | at least 2 peptide bonds. |
| Hypotonic | more H20 goes inside cell, RBC becomes lysed, plant cell becomes turgid |
| Isotonic | equilibrium H20 in and out, RBC normal, plant cell flacid |
| Hypertonic | less H20 goes inside cell, RBC becomes shriveled, plant cell plasmolyzed |
| The universal solvent is | water |
| Crenation | the loss of water by RBC making it shriveled |
| Hemolysis | RBC gain water rapidly and can burst |
| In the cytoplasm the solute would be | glucose and starch |
| A 30% NaCl is _________ to a 10% NaCl solution. | hypertonic |
| If 0.35M is on one side of a semipermeable membrane and 0.25 M on the other, which side will water move towards | 0.35M |
| When the protoplast is pressed against the plant cell wall, the plant cell is said to be | turgid. |
| Polysaccaride | Starch, Dextrin, Cellulose(structure for plants), Glycogen (energy storage for animals) |
| Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, but they DO have a single strand of DNA in their nucleoid (also have no membrane bound organelles) |
| Part of the cell affected for: Progeria | nuclear lamina |
| Part of the cell affected for: Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) | Lacks enzyme for myelin |
| Part of the cell affected for: Tay Sachs | Lysosome |
| Part of the cell affected for: Zellweger | Peroxisome |
| Carbohydrates- bond that links monomers | Glycosidic Linkage |
| Lipids- bond that links monomers | Ester linkage |
| Protein- bond that links monomers | Peptide bond |
| Nucleic Acid- bond that links monomers | Phosphodiester |
| Purines | 2 rings (A,G) |
| Pyrimidines | 1 ring (C,U,T) |
| Chitin | surgical thread, exoskeletons |
| Primary Level of protein struture | Peptide backbone |
| Secondary Level of protein structure | -Hydrogen bonds from hydroxyl group -coils and folds in polypeptide structure -a helices and b pleated sheets |
| Tertiary Level of protein structure | -Disulfide bonds -overall shape of polypeptide resulting from the reactions from the R groups |
| Quaternary level of protein structure | -2 or more peptide chains -only happens in large proteins |
| chaperonin | helps proteins form |
| Positive Benedict's Test | simple sugars - orange/brick red color -glucose, fructose, lactose, sprite soda, splenda |
| Positive Biuret | proteins- violet/purple complex -albumin |
| Positive Sudan IV | lipids- red color -vegetable oil and water, non-homogenized milk |
| Positive Iodine test | starch- deep blue/dark purple (nearly black) color -potato, starch |
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