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Module 4A - Cells
First Half Module 4 - Cell Structure and Function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cytology | the study of cells |
| Biosynthesis | the process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones |
| Organelle | a tiny cellular structure that carries out a specific function necessary for the cell to survive |
| Prokaryotic cell | a cell that has no nucleus or other distinct, membrane-bound organelles |
| Eukaryotic cell | a cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and other distinct, membrane-bound organelles |
| Plasma membrane | the semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and the cell’s surroundings |
| Cytoplasm | a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | the motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell’s content |
| Ribosome | non-membrane-bound organelles responsible for protein synthesis |
| Cell wall | a rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells |
| Middle lamella | the thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells |
| Nuclear membrane | a highly porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
| Chromatin | long strands of clusters of DNA and proteins (or RNA and proteins) in the nucleus of a cell |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | an organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell |
| Rough ER | ER that is dotted with ribosomes |
| Smooth ER | ER that has no ribosomes |
| Golgi apparatus | the organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cel |
| Vacuole | larger membrane-bound organelle used for storage of food, water, or waste |
| Vesicle | smaller membrane-bound organelle used mainly for transport of food, waste, or products synthesized for secretion |
| Secretory vesicle | vesicle that holds products of biosynthesis (like proteins) and transports them to the plasma membrane for secretion |
| Central vacuole | a large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with water |
| Lysosome | the organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates (polysaccharides, disaccharides), and some lipids |
| Monosaccharides | simple sugars; they are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates |
| Polysaccharides | carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides |
| Disaccharides | carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides |
| Lipids | AKA fats; complex molecules used by animals to store most of their excess food energy |
| Peroxisome | a cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide |
| Mitochondria | double-membrane-bound organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy |
| Plastids | double-membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of plants, algae, and some protozoa, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food |
| Chloroplasts | plastids containing the green pigment, chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis |
| Chromoplasts | plastids containing yellow, orange, or red pigments used in photosynthesis |
| Leucoplasts | nonpigmented plastids that store starches or oils |
| Cytoskeleton | a network of fibers that holds the cell together; helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
| Microfilaments | fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell’s cytoskeleton |
| Intermediate filaments | threadlike proteins in the cell’s cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilament |
| Microtubules | spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure |
| Centrioles | paired organelles (positioned at right angles to each other) that organize fibers required for cell division; found in animal cells |
| Centrosome | a small region near the nucleus that is the main organizing site for microtubules; in animal cells it contains two centrioles |
Created by:
MelRodriguez
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