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Cell Biology

Exam 1 Lecture 2-3

QuestionAnswer
Difference between nucleotide and nucleoside? Base + Sugar = nucleoside base + sugar + phosphate = nucleotide
Thymine pairs with __________ Adenine Pairs with __________ FOR DNA Cytosine guanine
why do we refer to DNA as 5’ --> 3’ ? DNA is being built, the energy to form the bond between nucleotides comes from a molecule called dNTP. dNTP has extra phosphates at its 5' end. To connect the 3' end of one nucleotide to the next, one oxygen atom is removed from one of these phosphates.
True or False ? Evert nucleus of every cell has the same amount of DNA? True
What makes the DNA backbone? Hint: What links the 3' hydroxyl group and 5' phosphate groups ? Phosphodiester Bonds
What holds the two dna strands together? Hydrogen Bonds
Are Dna strands antiparallel or parallel? Anti-parallel
How many hydrogen bonds are there between A-T and G-C? A-T has 2 hydrogen bonds G-C has 3 hydrogen bonds
Dna is transcribed to ? Rna is translated to ? RNA protein
2 most frequent spontaneous chemical reactions known to cause DNA damage in cell ( both involved in hydrolysis) Depurination and Deamination
T/F : DNA double helix is easily repaired because it carries two copies of all the genetic material-when one strand is damaged, the other still contains the correct sequence - can restore the damaged strand True
How does deamination cause mutations? It includes an amino acid group removal from a specific molecule. Occurs in DNA bases in a spontaneous manner. If deamination occurs in the cytosine base, it will be changed to uracil and pair with adenine. There is a substitution of a single base in the
How is DNA packed? In terms of heterochromatin and euchromatin heterochromatin- tightly packed/compacted - gene silencing euchromatin- more open, ex : gene expression
Overall how is DNA packed? with histones
What is histone code? Set of histone modifications that dictates whether the chromatin is open or closed - pattern of modification of histone tails can determine how a stretch of chromatin is handled by a cell. provide cell memory
match structure with names uracil, deoxyribose, ribose, adenine uracil- five structured ring deoxyribose- pentane with OH and H end ribose- pentane with two OH ends uracil - two pentane rings combined
here's single stranded DNA molecule that contains sequence: 5' ..... GATTGCAT .... 3' which molecule with hybridize to sequence of interest? a. 5' - ATGCAATC.. 3' flip the strand and then find the complementary base.
what is the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes? - eukaryotic DNA is packed into multiple chromosomes - specialized DNA sequences are required for DNA replication and chromosome segregation. - our genome carries ancient viral like sequences.
what is chromosome painting human chromosomes pairs can be identified by hybridization to chromosome specific fluorescent probes and aligned by computer.
true or false ? our genome contains many repeated ancient viral like sequences True
explain semiconservative model of DNA replication ? In this each parent strand, serves as a template for synthesis of a new daughter strand. first round produces 2 hybrid molecules - each has 1parent and 1 new synthesized strand. 2nd round - 2 hybrid and 2 molecules with 0 original parent dna.
explain dispersive model of dna replication ? each generation produced will be mosaic of DNA from parent strand and newly synthesized DNA. Every round of replication would result in hybrids
explain conservative model of replication? parent molecule remains intact after bring copied. first round yields original parent double helix and entirely new double helix.
In experiment by Meselson and Stahl They showed DNA replication is semiconservative How? bacteria are grown in medium with N15 or N14 and centrifuged for 2 days and allowed cesium chloride to form gradient with low density on top and high at bottom. As gradient happens, DNA goes to where its density matches that of salt.
Created by: user-1729066
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