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Bio Exam 1
chapters 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hydrogen Bond | attraction between H+ molecules and any negative element |
| Cohesion | Where water molecules stick together |
| What does Capillary Action do? | Helps fluids move through parts of organisms |
| Properties of organisms | Highly Ordered, Use of Energy, Genetic Information, Reproduce, Composed of Cells |
| Levels of organization from molecule to population | molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population |
| Cell Theory | All organisms have 1+ cells, Cells come from other cells, cells contain hereditary info |
| Steps of Scientific Method | Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Test, Results, Conclusion |
| Cation | positive charge from loss of electron |
| Anion | negative charge from gain of electron |
| Acidity between pH levels | 10x per level |
| Amino Acids | long chains used to form proteins |
| Carbon on one amino acid links with nitrogen of the other amino acid and releasing 2H and 1O | condensation reaction |
| Peptide Bond | Covalent bond formed between Carbon and Nitrogen |
| What are the 3 components of DNA | Phosphates, Sugars/deoxyribose, Nitrogenous bases |
| What type of bond holds the 2 sides of DNA together? | Hydrogen Bonds |
| What are carbs used for | Structure, energy storage, and cell identity |
| Why are carbs advertised as energy boost | used to make ATP |
| What are the 3 types of Lipids | Fats, steroids, Phospholipids |
| Glycerol | 3 carbon backbone of lipids |
| Saturated | Max number of hydrogens |
| Unsaturated | Double Bonds present |
| Hydrophilic | Mixes well with water |
| Hydrophobic | Doesnt mix with water |
| Diffusion | movement of anything from high to low concentration |
| Osmosis | Movement of water |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Establishes Equilibrium |
| Isotonic | cell and surrounding environment have equal solutes |
| Hypertonic | Higher Solute concentration in cell, Water in and cell bigger |
| Hypotonic | Lower Solute Concentration in cell, Water out and cell shrink |
| Exergonic Reaction | Releases Energy |
| Endergonic Reaction | Requires Energy |
| Competitive Inhibition | other molecules compete for active site |
| Allosteric Regulation | other molecules change shape of enzyme |
| What is differnt between DNA and RNA | The carb including T for U |
| Antiparallel | each side/strand of the DNA molecule is oriented in opposite directions. |
| Why was the blood still a good source of DNA? | DNA in the blood was incredibly stable due to the strength of the bonds in DNA structure |
| primary function of RNA molecules | synthesis of proteins |
| What is a nucleotide? | Nitrogenous base, phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar |
| What is the atomic mass of of an ion with 51 e and 53 n and +2 charge | 106 |
| What are isotopes | atoms of particular element that have extra neurons |
| if a reactions exergonic what does the products look like | lower potential energy than reactants |
| Animal cell in a hypotonic solution | grow and explode/ lysed |
| Animal cell in hypertonic solution | shrink and shrivel |
| Animal cell in isotonic solution | normal/ no net change |
| as pH increases | acidity decreases |
| What is the atomic mass of an ion with 50 electrons, 53 neutrons, and a +1 charge? | 104 |
| A solution with a pH of 4 has how many more H+ (hydrogen ions) than a solution with a pH of 6? | 100 times more |
| Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are examples of: | Secondary structures |
| Hemoglobin consists of 4 chains of amino acids. This protein displays: | Quaternary structure, Primary structure |
| Lysozyme is an enzyme (protein) that consists of 129 amino acids linked together. How many water molecules are released when ribosomes form a lysozyme molecule? | 128 |
| which of the following is the best representation of the "central dogma" of molecular biology? | The sequence of bases in DNA is used to code for a corresponding sequence of bases in RNA (Transcription) which codes for a particular sequence of amino acids in proteins (Translation). |
| what would you tell me about health concerns related to high levels of cholesterol? | contribute to heart disease by forming plaques in artery walls |
| high levels of HDL high density lipoprotein | good cholesterol help to remove cholesterol from artery walls and bloodstream and return it to the liver. |
| Does our body need cholesterol? | Yes for vitamin D synthesis, synthesis of various steroid hormones, bile salts, and cell membranes |
| What do trans fats do? | increase levels of LDL and decrease levels of HDL. contributes to heart disease. |
| A cell with 50% solute in water with 10% solute will | gain weight |
| A cell with 20% solute in water with 70% solute will | Loose weight |
| Under what circumstances does membrane transport require energy? | Whenever a solute is moved against its electrochemical gradient |
| What can you conclude when you compare the amounts of purines vs. pyrimidines in each species | Purines=~ 50% and pyrimidines =~50%. ½ of DNA is purines and ½ is pyrimidines |
| antiparallel | Each side of the DNA molecule is oriented in opposite directions |
| Properties of living things | Have genetic info, use energy, reproduce, composed of cells, Highly organized |
| Adding H+ to a solution makes it more | Acidic |
| Saturated Fats | not kinked, carbons share 1 bond and no doubles, |
| Are saturated fats good or bad | bad |
| Unsaturated Fats | Kinked, hydrocarbons contain carbon-carbon double bonds |
| Primary Protein structure | sequence of amino acids making a polypeptide chain |
| What determines protein structure | initial strand on DNA |
| Secondary protein structure | Folding of protein backbone |
| What are the secondary structures | Alpha helix and Pleated sheet |
| Tertiary Protein structures | folding of one polypeptide chain into a 3D shape |
| Quaternary Protein Structures | Protein formed as result of combination of multiple polypeptide chains |
| what is the basic unit of DNA/RNA | Nucleotide |
| How do enzymes facilitate reactions | bringing molecules together in substrate binding at an active site |
| How do enzymes catalyze reactions | by lowering activation energy |
| Molecular Biology | DNA transcribed into RNA, mRNA translated by ribosomes into amino acids which become a protein |
| Isotopes | Atoms with more or less neutrons |
Created by:
brkolstoe
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