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IntroBio 1st Midterm
Lectures 2-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of Autotrophic | An organism that makes its own food (i.e., Organic molecules) from inorganic molecules. Greek for "Auto" meaning self and "trophe" meaning nourishing |
| Definition of Plant | -Autotrophic -Eukaryotic -Adapted to the environment -Have a cell wall -Take in Carbon Dioxide |
| Definition of Animal | -Heterotrophic -Eukaryotic -Multicellular -Takes in Oxygen (w/ few exceptions) -Specialized Sensory organs (Body parts responding to stimuli and body parts can communicate |
| Definition of Theory | An explanation of a phenomena supported by many observations. (A theory must be tested multiple times) |
| 71% of earths surface is _______ | Water (fresh and saline) (Although a large percentage its a thin layer) |
| __% of earth water is saline and __% is freshwater (In ice, snow, or groundwater) | ~97% saline and ~3% freshwater |
| Why is Earth's freshwater budget so important? | Water is vital to daily life |
| Why is Polarity a property of water? | -The Atoms Oxygen and hydrogen have an unequal sharing of electrons in the water molecule of (H20). -The partial charge attracts other polar molecules to dissolve them. |
| Why is Cohesion a property of water? | -Because of the polarity of water if it doesn't have anything else to connect to or dissolve it will stick to it self, leading to water tension. |
| Why is Adhesion a property of water? | -Especially in plants the lack of water in the higher stems will draw the water out of the ground and into where the water has previously been lost. This is called capillary action. |
| What is the process of Transpiration? | 1. The water molecules exposed to air that are in the pores of the stomata are evaporated causing water loss. 2. Then the water molecules pull each other up using cohesion & adhesion back into the stomata 3. This water is obtained though the roots. |
| What are other ways plants can get water? P.1 | -In some examples the water can be absorbed thought the air. Although only in really damp environments the (like) redwoods take in water from the fog to be able to get nutrients up to the leaves. |
| What are other ways plants can get water? P.2 | -Another example would be epiphytes. Which are plants that grow on the surface of another plant. They get their nutrients from Air, rain, water, or debris it come in contact with. |
| Why do many nutrients dissolve in water? | Water being a universal solvent is not only polar but because of its polarity has an uneven distribution of internal charges. |
| List the 3 things that affect Nutrient availability in a biome. | Bedrock: Underlying geology (e.g., limestone has different minerals/nutrients than granite) Water: Movement of nutrients and weathering of rocks Soil porosity: Different types/sizes of soil hold nutrients differently (beach ball idea for space in soil) |
| Plant Nutritional adaptions to environment examples | -Waxy leaves on succulent to prevent water loss -Spines and hairs to gain water and prevent predation from animals -Carnivorous plants gain nutrients from living things (flys and such) |
| Animal Nutritional adaptions to environment examples | -Mechanistic: (something happening mechanically) Seabirds get rid of salt from water though their naval cavity. -Resource partitioning: Adapting to foods that don't have a lot of competition so it's more redly available . |
| Sandy soil does not hold water well because of its: | Large particle size (beach balls, tennis balls, soccer's balls)depending on the size of the graduals water and nutrient's can flow though more easily or not. |
| For plants water and nutrients occur ___ and light and energy occur ___ | Under ground and Above ground |
| Simplified definition of Photosynthesis: | Conversion of INORGANIC carbon dioxide into ORGANIC compounds(Glucose and Oxygen Dioxide(which is a BYPRODUCT)) using water and light energy. |
| Pigments in plants that absorb light energy | -Chlorophyll a (Chla) -Chlorophyll b (Chlb) -Carotenoids -Which are all considered to be on the action spectrum -Most light energy outside the light spectrum of 500-650 nm (action spectrum) are not absorbed. |
| What happens to light wavelengths outside of the "action spectrum"? | Its is REFLECTED because the plant has no use for it. |
| Where on earth it reference to the suns energy would the most amount of vegetation take place? | The EQUATOR where the earth get the most constant sunlight. |
| __> Unique properties that allow life to be sustained on earth. __> Are made available by the characteristic of a biome to plant and animal life __> All life needing energy, photosynthesis is the process to convert __ into chemical energy | Water, Nutrients, and Light & Energy |
| Energy sources and movement | Energy inputs come from the sun, then gets cycled thought the earth in the form of nutrients in plants and then energy radiates out from earth. |
| ____ is a closed system and ____ is an open system. | Nutrients , Energy -The Nutrients in earth are propelled by energy but the nutrients don't leave earth they are only rotated by the life on earth. -Whereas the energy on earth is from the sun and propels life on earth and then leaves earth. |
| ___ is also considered a closed system. | Water -Also considered a closed system because the water is always moving around the earth and being reused. |
| First law of thermo dynamics | -"Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be change form" -All energy for life on earth comes from the sun. |
| Where does most photosynthesis occur? | Marine ecosystems specifically phytoplankton (which are floating drifter phytoplast). |
| Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy, stored as chemical bonds in sugars and carbohydrates, What percentage of sunlight is absorbed by plants? | ~1% is absorbed by plants |
| What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO2 + 6H2O - light --> C6H12O6 + O2 |
| Think about the important parts of a simple ecosystem what do they include how do those parts interact with each other? | Producer -> Primary consumer (herbivore) -> Secondary consumer (Carnivore) -> Decomposers (Insects and worms) |
| Energy flows and nutrient cycling are both closed systems T/F | False, Energy cycling is an open system because we get the energy from the sun and it eventually leaves from the planet. |
| all non-producers/ other organism are ______ and get energy by consumer other organisms. | Heterotrophs |
| heterotrophs is an umbrella term for __, __, __, __, and __ | Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores, and decomposers. |
| What is the main difference between a Detritivores and decomposer? | -Detritivores (Fungi, worms, insects, and sea stars(consumer material to break it down)) FEED on dead organic material -Decomposers (bacteria, fungi, and worms(decompose on a molecular level)) DECOMPOSE dead organic material. |
| A carnivore apex predators is usually what type of consumer? | Tertiary Consumer |
| A carnivorous or omnivore at the third trophic level is what type of consumer? | Secondary Consumer |
| At the second trophic level and that only eat plants what type of consumer is it? | Primary Consumer |
| A photosynthetic organism is what type of consumer? | it is a Producer because it creates its own energy. |
| In a food web, an herbivore can best be described as a ___? | Primary Consumer |
| Definition of Ecosystem Productivity | The rate at which energy is added to the bodies of a group of organism as Biomass. |
| What percent of energy is not used by plants but is absorbed by other material, reflected, or passes though? | 99% |
| The amount of biomass and carbon created by the producers in an environment. Obtained by subtracting plant respiratory costs (Rp) from gross primary productivity (GPP) or total photosynthesis. | Net primary Productivity |
| The extra amount of biomass being created by the organism. Will always be larger then the net primary productivity. | Gross Primary Productivity |
| Net Primary productivity is always lower then the gross primary productivity. T/F | True, There is a set amount of biomass that a enviorment must have in order to continue to exsist. |
| __% of the energy pyramid is transferred to the next level. | 10%, it has to be a smaller amount the 100% because you cannot consume more than what exists. |
| If a Primary PRODUCER creates 20,000Kcal of energy stored as biomass then how much energy will the secondary consumer get? | 200 Kcal Because they are higher up one the pyramid they will get only 1% of what the primary producer makes. |
| On a terrestrial Biomass pyramid whichever category has the energy has the most biomass. However in a Aquatic Pyramid the producers take up ___ amount of Biomass compared to the Energy amount. | A smaller amount of biomass. Because although their is a much larger amount of producer they collectively weigh less than the collective weight of aquatic tertiary consumers. |
| The three largest eras are? | (In order of oldest to latest) Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic |
| What order do these go in? -Eons -Periods -Eras | Eon, Eras, and then periods. Many Eons, Eras and Periods are defined by biological markers. |
| In what eon did Prokaryotes form? | Hadean |
| In what Eon did the prokaryotes being to photosynthesis? | Archean |
| In what Era did the dinosaurs mainly exist in? | Mesozoic |
| In what Era did humans form? | Cenozoic |
| During which Eon did multicellular life form? | Proterozoic |
| In which Era did Land plants form? | Paleozoic |
| Which Era is was begun with the cambrian explosion? | Paleozoic |
| What are the defining traits of the Hadean Eon? | -Bombardment however brought things like water and amino acids (linked to life) -Earth was a giant cheese pot which w/ constant bombardment keeping the earth molten. -Magnetic field forms -hits another planet creating moon |
| What are the defining traits of the Archean Eon? | -Earths crust began to cool. -Formations of oceans -Lacked oxygen (accumulates at the end of the eon) -First known fossil evidence of life -Stromatolites were made by photosynthetic cyanobacteria |
| What are the defining traits of the Proterozoic Eon? P.1 | -Massive increase of atmospheric oxygen. -Tons of new microbial life -Life can now photosynthesis -Iron was eating up that new Oxygen -After all the metal rusted the oxygen was really starting to increase. - |
| What was the "first mass extinction"? | Anaerobes were killed with to much oxygen in the atmosphere during the Proterozoic Eon. |
| What are defining traits of the Proterozoic Eon? P.2 | -First plate tectonics (continents forming) -2000 Mya Acritarchs fossil which exhibited eukaryotic characteristics look similar to modern day algae fungi -1200 Mya Bangiomorpha fossils is photosynthetic and sexually reproduce like eukaryotic cells. |
| What are the defining traits of the Paleozoic Era? | -Cambrian Explosion: Sudden Appearance of almost all major groups of animals in the fossil record. -These era ends with a "great dying" mass extinction which kills off about 95% of the previously living life on earth. |
| What era do we get the majority of our current fossil fuels? | Carboniferous Period, Because of the lack of decomposers like fungi that we have today these types of plants could not break down leading to large swamplands and. |
| What are the defining traits of the mesozoic era? P.1 | -With the previous era great there was no longer competition for resources opening up the opportunity for lots of new niches. -Age of the reptiles: Triassic, jurassic, and cretaceous -New species on land, water, and air. -Low diversity origin. |
| What are the defining traits if the mesozoic era? P.2 | -Gymnosperm Ginkgo and Sequoia bit those bitch ass Ferns and Cycads. They are seeds of flowers and trees. -First flowering plants appear in the late cretaceous -Another mass extinction -252-66 Mya |
| What are the defining traits of the Cenozoic era? | -Age of the mammals -Twice as many birds species -Increase of flowering plants and grasses and decrease of conifers and tropical plants. -Reptiles decline and become smaller snakes emerge -Lots of mutalistic relationships between plants and animals. |
| Stromatolites are unique in that they? | Are produces by bacteria, are secreted minerals that create rocklike piles and can be found in the fossil record. |
| What is extinctions? | -When a species or higher taxonomic category ceases to exist. -Completely natural process that happens quite frequently. -Is also the disappearance of any evolutionary lineage. -Can be a result of not adapting to a environmental change. |
| What are some reason for mass extinction? (Mass volcanic Eruptions) | -Can happen over millions of years -Emits dust and particles blocking sunlight , Sulfur oxide -> acid rain, Carbon dioxide -> carbon dioxide |
| What are some reason for mass extinction? (Sea-level Falls) | -Sustained global cooling -Reduced continental shelf area (Most productive part of the ocean dying -Disrupted climate -> Terrestrial extinctions |
| What are some reason for mass extinction? (Impact events) | -Mega-tsunami -Global Forest fires -Similar effects as volcanism |
| Name two pre-historic impact events that effect global climate? | Chicxulub: -66 Mya -Yucatan penincsula -Kt boundary -Dinosaur Extinction Vredfort Crater: -2 Billion years old -South africa -Largest impact crater -200Km, peak rebound |
| What are some reason for mass extinction?(climate changing) | -All extinction events are affected by climate changes -Volcanism leads to excess amount of CO2 dramatic global warming that then emits SO2 Which leads to global cooling. -"Dramatic" meaning over millions of years. |
| The process of extinction occurs? | Frequently |
| What are the defining traits of the great oxidation event? | -Not considered a part of the Big 5 mass extinctions -Unofficial frist mass extinction -Can be tracked using iron bands geological records -Anaerobic species dead because oxygen is toxic to them. -2.4 - 2 Gya |
| What are the defining traits of the Ordovician extinction? | -Earliest of the five mass extinctions -49% of marine animals affected -volcanism leading to global cooling leading to sea level drop which mainly affected higher levels of oceanic life. -439 million years ago |
| What are the defining traits traits of the late Devonian extinction? | -Lots of vertebrae's died opening space for modern vertebrae's. -Causation would be greening (an abundance of O2 created by plants), Leading to cooling which effect mostly Siberian areas. |
| What are the defining traits of the Permian extinction? | -Biggest of all extinctions -245 mya -96% of marine and 70% of terrestrial species go extinct -Caused by volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts which lead to rapid cycles of warming and cooling. |
| What are the defining traits of the end triassic extinction? | -Smallest of the mass extinctions -210 Mya -Crocodile reptiles mostly were effected. -25-35 marine genera went extinct. -Geologic changes and volcanism leading to rapid cycling. |
| What are the defining traits of end cretaceous (KT) Extinction? | -Most well-known extinction -75% of all species went extinct -All non-avian dinosaurs, All tetrapods under 55 pds, tropical corals and plants. -Asteroid comets impact and volcanic activity. |
| What do the five major extinction events have in common? | Rapid cycles of warming and cooling. |
| Continental drift is the concept that the world's continents were once? | A single mass that have since drifted to their present positions. |
| Life on earth began about 3.5 billions years ago with the _____. | Prokaryotes |
| A prokaryotes is different form a eukaryotes because of its _____. | It does not have a nucleus, Usually found in bacteria and archaea. |
| All organism are classified into three domains. | Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea. |
| What 4 organism fall into the category Eukarya. | Animals, Fungi, Plants, and Algae. |
| after evolving from the prokaryotes the eukaryotes gained the Chloroplasts and mitochondria. How were these symbiotic organism gained. | Though the process of Endosymbiosis the organism started living in each other in order to continue living. However over centuries the just live inside of the eukaryote. |
| Explain the Endosymbiotic Theory | Prokaryote -> Eukaryote -> split off into wither a photosynthetic Eukaryote or a heterotrophic eukaryote |
| Cells with a mitochondria evolved into ___ and cell with a mitochondria and chloroplasts evolve into ____. | Cells with a mitochondria evolved into Animals fungi and protozoans and cell with a mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved into algae and then plants. |
| Prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in that prokaryotes have cells _____ while eukaryotes have cells _____. | Without a nucleus; With a nucleus |
| What internally changed the color of the lizard? | The genotype |
| Definition of genotype | Description of the genetic basis of an individual (either entirely or for a specific trait) |
| Definition of Crypsis | Matching of body coloration to substrate - An adaptation |
| Definition of Adaption | Inherited traits favored by natural selection |
| Natural selection is the same as evolution T/F | False |
| Definition of Evolution | Change in allele frequency over time in a population of organisms. |
| Definition of population | Group of potentially interbreeding individuals of the same species (usually in the same geographic area) |
| Definition of Allele | Form (or version/variation) of a gene |
| Definition of Allele frequency | The amount of a certain allele in a certain population |
| Name the two biggest difference between a gene and an allele | -A gene contain the information for the eye color but the allele codes for if it is brown or blue -Each variation of a gene is called an allele |
| Diploid organism recieve __ copie(s) of a gene from each parent | 1, you get two in all |
| Name all the types of mechanism of Evolution | Genetic drift, Gene flow, Mutation, and natural selection |
| What are the defining traits of Genetic drift? | -Random change in allel frequency from one generation to the next -Bottleneck: Get more beans of one color then the other even if there is an equal amount of beens in the bottle. - |
| What are the defining traits of Gene flow? | -Transfer of alleles from on population to another -Usually involves movement of the individuals |
| What are the defining traits of mutation (in the context of evolution)? | -Alteration of a gene that gives rise to a new allele -Usually the change is in the dna sequence |
| Does the expression of genes need to be the same for a leaf to grow differently then another leaf? | No! A leaf we is grown in the shade versus a leaf that is grown in the sun will either be bigger or smaller its a matter of the nutrients it gets the nurture part of narture v. nurture! |
| Which mechanism of evolution requires variation in a trait among the parent population? | Natural selection |
| Definition of Species | Group of individuals capable of interbreeding (produce viable offspring) and reproductively isolated from other groups. |
| Definition of Species continued | Can consist of several populations, all capable of interbreeding, but rarely (or never actually) having the opportunity. |
| A population is a group of___? | Potentially interbreeding individuals of the same species in the same area. |
| What is the three step process to creating new species? | 1. Isolation/Seperation 2. Genetic divergence 3. Reproductive Isolation |
| Definition of speciation | Isolation followed by genetic divergence |
| Definition of allopatric speciation | A physical barrier arises that prevents interbreeding -Allopatric means "different countries" -Considered the usual start to speciation |
| Definition of Sympatric speciation | No physical barrier arises: interbreeding between groups stops for another reason. -sympatric means "same countries" -Largely accepted among ecologists |
| Definition of Sympatric speciation: Temporal Isolation | Isolation in time |
| Speciation is complete when ___? | the two population/species can no longer interbreed when they encounter each other. -Meaning there is no longer any gene flow |
| Allopatric speciation is when population become separated ____? | In space |
| Name the Prezygotic barriers to interbreeding | Barriers in space or time and Behavioral Isolation |
| Definition of Prezygotic | Barriers that stop the zygote (an egg cell) from forming |
| Definition of Postzygotic | Barriers after the zygote has been formed |
| Name the Postzygotic barriers to interbreeding | Hybrid Sterility (Mule can't reproduce) |
| A postzygotic barrier to breeding would be? | Offspring that are produced are sterile |
| What happens when one population becomes divided? | There will no longer be any gene flow and the population become more and more genetically distance over time. |
| You know speciation has occurred when the population come together and can no longer___? | Successfully mate with one another |
| Barriers to Interbreeding include? | -Prezygotic (don't meet or won't mate) -Postzygotic (hybrid die young or are sterile) |
| An example of a species sandwich would be? | Like the pacific northwest wolf has a population all over the united states there are smaller species in the overarching circle of that population. |
| Definition of Taxonomy | Organizing organisms |
| When you have the scientific name of something what should that include? | Genus, species, and Author name |
| The Scientific name for a Galearis Spectabili (L.) Raf, Is considered the complete species name. T/F | True, make sure you are reading the entire question!! |
| On a Phylogenetic tree, two species are more closely related if... | They have a more recent common ancestor |
| Definition of Monophyletic Group | Most common ancestor and ALL its descendants. -Clade |
| Definition of Paraphyletic Group | Most common ancestor and some of its descendants. -Grade |
| Definition of Polyphyletic Group | No recent common ancestors and different groups of descendants. -Grade |
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