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Cells Biology
Leaving Cert- Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many Lenses are there in a light microscope? | 2. The objective lens and the eyepiece. |
| What is the difference between Animal cells and Plant cells? | -Plant cells have vacuoles -Animal cells don't have cell walls - Plant cells contain Chloroplasts |
| What makes up Cell Membranes? | Phospholipids. |
| What is the role of Membranes in Cells? | - To contain the cells - Control what enters/leaves the cell. |
| What does the Nucleus contain? | DNA. |
| What is the role of the Nucleus? | To control all Cell actions. (Membrane action, Cell growth, storing DNA...) |
| What does DNA stand for? | DeoxyriboNucleic Acid. |
| The role of the Cytoplasm? | The Cytoplasm surrounds the Organelles and the Nucleus. |
| What is the role of Mitochondria? | The Mitochondria produce energy for the cell. (Powerhouse). |
| What is the role of Chloroplasts in Plant cells? | Chloroplasts produce Chlorophyll which is used in the Photosynthesis process. They are the green pigment in plants. |
| The role of the Cell Wall in plant cells ? | To keep the structure of plants. They are the source of cellulose in diets of animals. |
| What is role of ribosomes? | Protein synthesis. |
| How many parts of cell ultrastructure make up an animal cell? | 5.- Cell Membrane - Nucleus - Cytoplasm - Mitochondrion - Ribosomes |
| How many parts of cell ultrastructure make up a plant cell? | 8 - Cell Wall - Cell Membrane - Chloroplasts - Cytoplasm - Nucleus - Vacuole - Mitochondrion - Ribosomes |
| What is a Prokaryote? | A prokaryote is a is a non-membrane bound organelle that is single celled and has no nucleus. |
| Give an example of a Prokaryote | E-coli. Prokaryotes are Bacterium. |
| What is a Eukaryote? | Eukaryotes are multi cellular, membrane bound organelles that are more advanced than Prokaryotes. |
| Give an example of a Eukaryote? | Humans. Humans are multi-cellular organisms along with animals, plants, and fungi. |
| What are the differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes? | - Eukaryotes have Nuclei - Prokaryotes are small celled - Prokaryotes have a DNA loop rather than it being enclosed in a Nucleus - Eukaryotes are membrane bound organelles - Eukaryotes are multi-cellular. |
| What is Tissue? | Tissue is a group of cells adapted to carry out the same function. |
| How many types of plant tissue are there? | 4 - Dermal - Vascular - Ground - Meristematic |
| What is the function of Dermal tissue in plants? | Dermal tissue surrounds and protects plants. an example of it is the Epidermis which protects the leaves, stems and roots. |
| What is the function of Vascular tissue in the plant? | Vascular tissue transports materials around the plant. two examples of this are the Xylem (which transports water) and the Phloem (which transports the nutrients food from the roots). |
| How many types of animal tissue are there? | 4 -Epithelial - Connective - Muscular -Nervous |
| What is the role of Epithelial tissue in animal cells? | Epithelial tissue is used to line and protect organs such as the Liver, Stomach and Respiratory Tract. |
| What is the function of Connective tissue in the body | Connective tissue creates tissues in the body such as fat, cartilage, bone and blood. |
| What is the role of Nervous tissue in the body? | Nervous tissue creates the nervous cells in the body so it is adapted to carry electrical impulses throughout the body. |
| What is the role of Muscular tissue in the body? | Muscular tissue is used in the body to move and contract muscles in the body so that animals can move. An example is the coronary muscle which keeps the heart and blood moving to keep animals alive. |
| What is Tissue culture? | Tissue Culture is In-Vitro (grown outside the body). It is the growth of cells made faster i.e skin grafts and stem cells. |
| What are some of the applications of tissue cultures? | - Can be used Micropropagation for quick plant growth - Can be used in cancer research for monoclonal antibodies to fight cancer - Can be used for skin grafts for burn victims |
| What are made of Organs? | Organs are made of tissues adapted to work with one function. |
| What do Organs make up? | Organs make up systems which make up an organism. some examples of Systems in animals are the circulatory system, respiratory system, reproductive system and the digestive system. |
| Examples of Plant organs | - Roots - Stems - Leaves - Flowers |
| Examples of Animal organs | - Stomach - Heart - Brain - Kidneys - Lungs - Pancreas - Small/Big Intestines - Bladder - Gall Bladder - Uterus - Testes - etc... |
| How many Chromosomes in a regular cell? | 46. 23 from each parent. |
| What type of cell only contains 23 Chromosomes? | Gamete (sex) cells. |
| What do Chromosomes exist as in cells up until cell division? | Chromatins. |
| What are Genes? | Pieces of Hereditary information that make up Chromosomes. |
| What makes up Genes? | DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA). |
| What makes up Chromosomes? | Genetics (Genes). |
| What does the term Haploid mean? | That the cells (Gametes) only contain singular Chromosomes. Haploid cells are usually presented as 'n'. |
| What does the term Diploid mean? | This means that the cells come with paired Chromosomes that are usually from Parental genetics. These cells are usually presented as '2n'. |
| How many stages are there in the full Cell Cycle? | 5 |
| What are the 5 stages of the Cell Cycle? | I-PMAT - Interphase -Prophase - Ananphase -Metaphase -Telophase |
| What is Interphase? | Interphase is the phase in the cell cycle where chromosomes remain as Chromatin and the Chromosome numbers double. |
| What is Prophase? | Prophase is when the Nucleus membrane breaks down and Spindles start to form from the Centriole. |
| What is the Metaphase? | Metaphase is when the Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and the spindles attach to the Centromeres of the Chromosome. |
| What is Anaphase? | Anaphase is when the double stranded Chromosomes are pulled apart by the Spindles as they contract. |
| What is Telophase? | Telophase is where the Chromatin reform as the Nucleus membrane reforms. |
| What is the product of the Cell Cycle? | The product of the Cell Division that takes place in the Cell cycle is two new daughter cells. These cells are identical to one another and to the mother cell they came from. |
| What is the function of Mitosis? | - In unicellular organisms, such as Prokaryotes, Mitosis is used for reproduction. - In multicellular organisms, Mitosis is used for growth and repair. |
| What is Meiosis? | Meiosis is Cell Division of Gametes (sex cells), it allows for reproduction and for genetic variation. It means that the Gametes contain 23 Chromosomes which is restored to 46 when Fertilisation occurs. |
| In Cell division what is the difference between the final product in Animal cells and Plant cells. | - Animal cells have a Cleavage furrow that forms - Plant cells have a Cell plate that forms. |
| What is a disease caused by Cell Division? | Cancer. Cancer is formed by excessive/abnormal Cell Division. |
| What are the states Cancer can be in? | - Malignant. Malignant cancer is dangerous and spreads causing healthy cells to become cancerous - Benign. Benign cancer is 'safe' and tends not to spread. |
| What increases the risk of Cancer/ | - Intake of Carcinogens - Intake of Radioactive material - Some Viruses (ie. Hepatitis B/C and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)). |
Created by:
AW117
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