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BIO230 study set 2

Insects 1,2,3, and 4

QuestionAnswer
What portion of named species are beetles? ~20%
When did Arthropods evolve? ~540 mya
When did insects evolve and radiate on land? ~440 mya
What are the three major development in insect evolution? Duplication, Specialization, and Fusion
What is duplication? Multiple copies of a gene are passed on to an offspring and the gene is expressed repeatedly, leads to identical segmented organisms
What is specialization? Mutations in single genes cause certain segments to perform better at specific function as opposed to general use.
What is fusion? Segments with similar functions are condensed and redundancy is reduced.
What is a detritivore? an organism that consumes detritus (dead bniomass)
When were the first hexapods first dated to? ~480 mya
Hexapoda (Subphylum) "six legged", Insecta and Entognatha
Insecta/Ectognatha (class) winged hexapods, visible mouthparts
Entognatha (class) wingless hexapods, hidden mouthparts
Archaeognatha (order) Jumping Bristletails, an oldest insect
What are the defining features of Archaeognatha? 3 caudal appendages, high round back, compound eyes, eat algae lichen moss, styli on abdomen
caudal at or near the tail or hind end
Stylus (plural styli) a sharp pointy appendage
Machilidae (family) of Jumping Bristletails,
Lepismatidae (family) of Bristletails/Silverfish
Zygentoma (order) Bristletails/silverfish
What defines Zygentoma? flat and larger, separate eyes, styli on abdomen, 3 caudal appendages, scales, detritivores
What is simple/incomplete metamorphosis? development from egg to nymph to adult with little morphological change
Apterygota (subclass) wingless true insects, paraphyletic
Pterygota (subclass) winged insects, monophyletic
polyphletic containing some but not all descendants of a common ancestral group
monophletic containing all descendants of a common ancestral group
paleoptera insects that cannot fold wing onto back, includes Odonata and Ephemeroptera
Ephemeroptera (order) Mayflies
What defines Ephemeroptera? Adult:2 pair wings, hind wings smaller/absent, very veined wings, 2/3 caudal appendages, molt on surface water, molt as adults, live 1-2 days, no mouth parts Larvae: aquatic, eats algae and detritus, leaf-like gills on abdomen, 3 caudal appendages
What is an EPT score? A measure of pollution via the abundance and diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera in a location
Odonata (order) Dragonflies and Damselflies
What defines Odonata? Adult: thoracic segments tipped for grip prey, long abdomen, males cerci modified to grab female during mating, incomplete metamorphosis, males 2 sex organs, Larvae: predaceous, jointed "elbow" jaw, damsels-external gills, dragonflies-anal gills
thorax the chest, middle section of an insect
cercus (plural cerci) small appendage at the end of the abdomen
spermatheca sperm storage sac in female Odonata
Zygoptera (suborder) Damselflies
Calopterygidae (family) broad-winged damselflies
Coenagrionidae (family) Pond Damsels
Anisoptera (suborder) Dragonflies
Aeshnidae (family) Darners
Gomphidae (family) Clubtails
Libellulidae (family) Skimmers
Dermaptera (order) Earwigs
Dermaptera characteristics? some predaceous, detritivores, herbivores, frugivores, garden pests, caudal pincers
Plecoptera (order) Stoneflies
Plecoptera characteristics? poor fliers, herbivores/detritivores, EPT group Adults: predaceous or omnivorous, soft body, hind wing has large anal lobe Larvae: aquatic, thoracic gills, 2 caudal filaments, eat plant / algae
anal lobe lobe of a wing on the back face near the posterior of the insect
Orthoptera characteristics? Adults: most eat plants, some predators, some scavengers, 4 wings, leathery front tegmina, wings fold fan-like over back
tegmen (plural tegmina) leathery forewings on Othoptera and cockroaches
Acrididae (family) Grasshoppers
Acrididae characteristics? short antennae, 3segment tarsi, "ear" on abdomen
tarsus (plural tarsi) bones between hindlimb and metatarsus (foot bones)
pronotum plate covering thorax
Tettigoniidae (family) Katydids
Tettigoniidae characteristics? long thin antennae, long ovipositor, tympani on front tibia, 4 seg tarsi, most predator Orthopterans
ovipositor tube organ used to deposit eggs
Rhaphidophoridae (family) cave/camel crickets
Rhaphidophoridae characteristics? brown, hump backed, lives in dark places
Giant Weta's ex. gigantism, 70 species of crickets, 4" and 70g
Gryllidae (family) Crickets
Gryllidae characteristics? 3 seg tarsi or less, ovipositor needle-like, foretibiba "ears", stridulate w/ scraper and file, omnivore
Notoptera (order) Gladiators
Embrioptera (order) Webspinners
Phasmatodea (order) Stick Bugs
Phasmatodea characteristics? herbivorous, pests, perform crypsis, leaf-like Walkingsticks: long legs, 5seg tarsi, long body, no wings,
What is the most important sign to watch for on walking sticks and why? Stripes, striped ones will spray a painful white chemical while non-striped ones are harmless.
Mantodea (order) mantids
Mantodea characteristics? predators, use crypsis, hatch from ootheca
crypsis blending into environment
Mantidae (family) mantids
ootheca case/sac holding unborn insects
Blattodea (order) cockroaches and termites
Blattodea characteristics? Roach: concealed head, cant grasp or jump, no stridulate, 5seg tarsi, wings present/reduced, eggs in ootheca, omnivore Termite: hormones determine caste, similar size wings, soft body (except king and queen) lose wings after mating,
Blattidae (family) Roaches, female subgenital plate split lengthwise, male styli similar, large
Blatellidae (family) roaches, smaller, subgenital plate entire
What are the three groups within the Clade Neoptera? Polyneoptera, Condyloptera, Holometabola
Polyneoptera/Orthopteroida characteristics? Simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe (if wing present)
Condyloptera/Hemipteroida characteristics? (order) Simple metamorphosis, sucking mouthparts
Hemiptera (order) True Bugs (cicadas, leaf hoppers, Aphids)
White flies characteristics? antennae with 3-7 segments, white wings, no jump legs, simple metamorphosis
Adelgidae (family) Pine and spruce Aphids
Adelgidae characteristics? wings with 3 veins, no cornicle, wings held roof-like
cornicle pair of upright backwards-facing tubes
Aphididae (family) Aphids
Aphididae characteristics? Wings with 4-6 veins,
stigma pigmented spot near the wing tip
Cicadidae (order) Cicada
Cicadidae characteristics? 3 ocelli, often large but can be small
ocellus (plural ocelli) simple eye
Plant Hoppers flattened spur at apex of hind tibia
Leafhoppers 2 rows of spines on hind tibia
Froghoppers/Spittlebugs hind tibia with couple of spines
Treehoppers large pronotum covers thorax and abdomen
Heteroptera (suborder) True Bugs
Giant Water Bugs raptorial forelegs, bite
Gerridae (family) Water Striders
Gerridae characteristics? rather unmistakable, skimming on water
Reduviidae (family) Assassin Bug
Reduviidae characteristics? beak fits into groove in prosternum, raptorial forelegs, predatory, BITE
Plant/Leaf Bugs 1-2 closed cells in forewing
Seed Bugs 4-5 veins in membrane
Leaf-footed Bugs hemelytra with many veins, males w/ expanded hind femora
Pentatomidae (family) stink bugs
Pentatomidae characteristics? scutellum triangular, corium broad
scutellum triangular part in front of thorax back
corium leathery portion of forewing
Holometabola (clade) Complete metamorphosis
Hymenoptera (order) Ants, Bees, Wasps, Sawflies "married-wing"
Hymenoptera Characteristics? complete metamorphosis, non-feeding pupal stage, wings hooked together
Sawflies (suborder) phytophagous, no waist, pests to fruit and other plants, caterpillar-like larva
phytophagous feeding on plants
Apocrita (suborder) waist between 1st and 2nd abdomen seg., thorax 4 seg, grub larva, parasitic, ovipositor modified to stinging
Sphecidae (family) thread-waisted wasps
Sphecidae characteristics? includes var. of mud daubers, ped. parasit., solitary, thin wire waist, mass provision
mass provisioning the larva is given a large amount of food at once
progressive provisioning the larva is given food gradually
Vespidae (family) paper wasps, hornets, yellowjackets
Ichneumonidae (family) parasit. wasps of other insects
Apidae (family) Honey, Bumble, Carpenter, Orchid Bees
Apidae characteristics? fuzzy, nectar feed, mass or prog. provisioning
What is the recent trend in Bee populations? Disappearance and collapse.
What is Colony Colapse Disorder (CCD)? The recent trend of bees disappearing due to multiple ecological factors.
Halictidae (family) sweat bees ground nest, mass prov. all pollen feed
Formicidae (family) Ants some bite and sting, petiole bumps, elbow antennae, pred. parasit. herb. frug., Eusocial w/ castes
petiole slender stalk between two points (thorax and abdomen for Formicidae)
Eusocial displaying high levels of organization in raising offspring including castes of nonbreeding individuals
Megaloptera (order) Dobsonflies
Megaloptera characteristics? hind wings broad base than front, w/o forked major veins, males have large tusks, larva called "hellgrammites"
Neuroptera (order) Lacewings and kin cross veins make wings netted
Myrmeleontidae (family) antlions short club antennae, long slender abdomen, larva doodlebugs, resemble dragonflies
Coleoptera (order) Beetles 4 wings, front hard, membr. hind wings fly, mandible mouth, leathery elytra, eat anything
Gyrinidae (family) Whirligig Beetles appear to have 2 sets eyes, spin at surface, pred.
Carabidae (family) Ground Beetles most carn, some herb.
Passalidae (family) Bessbugs flat body, horn, mentum emarginate (mouthpart notched tip)
Lucanidae (family) Stag Beetles evenly rounded, simple mentum, feeds on fluids of decay wood
mentum base part of labium (fused mouthpart)
Scarabidae (family) scarab beetles scav. some herb.
Cerambycidae (family) long horned beetles long antennae, bore into stems, adult herb, serious pest
Chrysomelidae (family) Leaf Beetles short circle body, antenna half body length, larv wood bore destructive, eyes notched/divided by antennae
Cucurlionidae (family) Snout Beetles rponounced snout, club antenna come from snout, antenna <4 segs,
Staphylinidae (family) Rove Beetles short square elytra, >3 abdomen seg visible, abdomen held like scorpion tail, around decay material, pred. and parasit.
Silphidae (family) Carrion Beetles soft body, elytra short red/black
Elateridae (family) Click Beetles prosternum with ventral spine,
Lampyridae (family) Fireflies/Lightningbugs pronotum over head, wings soft and flat, tail lights up
Coccinellidae (family) Ladybird Beetles oval, convex, head covered pronotum, 3 seg tarsi,
Meloidae (family) Blister Beetles elytra shorter than abdomen, pronotum narrower than head, secrete blistering chem.
Trichoptera (order) caddisflies Adult: don't feed, Larv: pred., alg grazers, debris shreder abdomen gills, long caterpillar like
Lepidoptera (order) Butterflies, Moths, Skippers Showy, important agricultural pests or pollinator, scales on wings larva: caterpillars, 5 sets prolegs
How are butterflies related to moths? butterflies are a clade within the larger collection called moths
How are Lepidoptera differentiated? Antennae butterfly: clubbed Skipper: hooked Moths: other (males often more feathery)
Hesperiidae (family) the skippers
Papilionidae (family) swallowtails noted by tail edge on back of wings
Nymphalidae (family) Brush-footed Butterflies walk on 4 rear legs w front to taste, variety wingspan
Saturniidae (family) Silk Moths make big cocoons
Sphingidae (family) Hawkmoths large wingspan, wide but narrow wings
Mecoptera (order) scorpionflies has scorpion-like tail end, give nuptial gifts (food for female during mating)
Diptera (order) True flies 2 wings, 2 halteres, pred. herbaceous. parasit. detrit., nectarivores., sucking mouthparts (can be modified)
haltere vestigial hindwings in Diptera now used for balance
Nematocera (suborder) Antennae has 6 or more segments
Tipulidae (family) Crane Flies adults: long thin legs, V shaped on mesonotum (back), dont feed, no ocelli
Psychodidae (family) Moth flies and sand flies small wings, hairs on margin, long parall veins, hairy body, live in moist shade, transmit diseases
Culicidae (family) mosquitos scaly wings, long proboscis
Brachycera (suborder) 5 or few antennae segments
Tebanidae (family) Horse flies and deer flies large upper and lower calypters
calypter bump at wing lobe (uncertain definition)
Phoridae (family) hump-backed flies hump back, no crossveins, rapid darting, laterally flattened hind femora
Asilidae (family) Robber flies divit between eyes, never holoptic eyes (never meet), stout or slender, prey on insects in flight
Bombyliidae (family) Bee flies short, fuzzy, long prob., hover and buzz, larv paras. on Hymenoptera and others.
Dichopodidae (family) long-legged flies metallic green or copper, pred on small insects, male genital fold under abdomen
Syrphidae (family) hoverflies expert mimicry, hover around vegetation, extra "spurious vein"
Calliphoridae (family) blowflies metallic blue or green, scav., paras.
Muscidae (family) House/latrine flies larv live in filth and excrement, disease carriers,
Drophilidae (family) Pomace flies calypters absent
Created by: NickAbell
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