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BIO230 study set 2
Insects 1,2,3, and 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What portion of named species are beetles? | ~20% |
| When did Arthropods evolve? | ~540 mya |
| When did insects evolve and radiate on land? | ~440 mya |
| What are the three major development in insect evolution? | Duplication, Specialization, and Fusion |
| What is duplication? | Multiple copies of a gene are passed on to an offspring and the gene is expressed repeatedly, leads to identical segmented organisms |
| What is specialization? | Mutations in single genes cause certain segments to perform better at specific function as opposed to general use. |
| What is fusion? | Segments with similar functions are condensed and redundancy is reduced. |
| What is a detritivore? | an organism that consumes detritus (dead bniomass) |
| When were the first hexapods first dated to? | ~480 mya |
| Hexapoda | (Subphylum) "six legged", Insecta and Entognatha |
| Insecta/Ectognatha | (class) winged hexapods, visible mouthparts |
| Entognatha | (class) wingless hexapods, hidden mouthparts |
| Archaeognatha | (order) Jumping Bristletails, an oldest insect |
| What are the defining features of Archaeognatha? | 3 caudal appendages, high round back, compound eyes, eat algae lichen moss, styli on abdomen |
| caudal | at or near the tail or hind end |
| Stylus (plural styli) | a sharp pointy appendage |
| Machilidae | (family) of Jumping Bristletails, |
| Lepismatidae | (family) of Bristletails/Silverfish |
| Zygentoma | (order) Bristletails/silverfish |
| What defines Zygentoma? | flat and larger, separate eyes, styli on abdomen, 3 caudal appendages, scales, detritivores |
| What is simple/incomplete metamorphosis? | development from egg to nymph to adult with little morphological change |
| Apterygota | (subclass) wingless true insects, paraphyletic |
| Pterygota | (subclass) winged insects, monophyletic |
| polyphletic | containing some but not all descendants of a common ancestral group |
| monophletic | containing all descendants of a common ancestral group |
| paleoptera | insects that cannot fold wing onto back, includes Odonata and Ephemeroptera |
| Ephemeroptera | (order) Mayflies |
| What defines Ephemeroptera? | Adult:2 pair wings, hind wings smaller/absent, very veined wings, 2/3 caudal appendages, molt on surface water, molt as adults, live 1-2 days, no mouth parts Larvae: aquatic, eats algae and detritus, leaf-like gills on abdomen, 3 caudal appendages |
| What is an EPT score? | A measure of pollution via the abundance and diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera in a location |
| Odonata | (order) Dragonflies and Damselflies |
| What defines Odonata? | Adult: thoracic segments tipped for grip prey, long abdomen, males cerci modified to grab female during mating, incomplete metamorphosis, males 2 sex organs, Larvae: predaceous, jointed "elbow" jaw, damsels-external gills, dragonflies-anal gills |
| thorax | the chest, middle section of an insect |
| cercus (plural cerci) | small appendage at the end of the abdomen |
| spermatheca | sperm storage sac in female Odonata |
| Zygoptera | (suborder) Damselflies |
| Calopterygidae | (family) broad-winged damselflies |
| Coenagrionidae | (family) Pond Damsels |
| Anisoptera | (suborder) Dragonflies |
| Aeshnidae | (family) Darners |
| Gomphidae | (family) Clubtails |
| Libellulidae | (family) Skimmers |
| Dermaptera | (order) Earwigs |
| Dermaptera characteristics? | some predaceous, detritivores, herbivores, frugivores, garden pests, caudal pincers |
| Plecoptera | (order) Stoneflies |
| Plecoptera characteristics? | poor fliers, herbivores/detritivores, EPT group Adults: predaceous or omnivorous, soft body, hind wing has large anal lobe Larvae: aquatic, thoracic gills, 2 caudal filaments, eat plant / algae |
| anal lobe | lobe of a wing on the back face near the posterior of the insect |
| Orthoptera characteristics? | Adults: most eat plants, some predators, some scavengers, 4 wings, leathery front tegmina, wings fold fan-like over back |
| tegmen (plural tegmina) | leathery forewings on Othoptera and cockroaches |
| Acrididae | (family) Grasshoppers |
| Acrididae characteristics? | short antennae, 3segment tarsi, "ear" on abdomen |
| tarsus (plural tarsi) | bones between hindlimb and metatarsus (foot bones) |
| pronotum | plate covering thorax |
| Tettigoniidae | (family) Katydids |
| Tettigoniidae characteristics? | long thin antennae, long ovipositor, tympani on front tibia, 4 seg tarsi, most predator Orthopterans |
| ovipositor | tube organ used to deposit eggs |
| Rhaphidophoridae | (family) cave/camel crickets |
| Rhaphidophoridae characteristics? | brown, hump backed, lives in dark places |
| Giant Weta's | ex. gigantism, 70 species of crickets, 4" and 70g |
| Gryllidae | (family) Crickets |
| Gryllidae characteristics? | 3 seg tarsi or less, ovipositor needle-like, foretibiba "ears", stridulate w/ scraper and file, omnivore |
| Notoptera | (order) Gladiators |
| Embrioptera | (order) Webspinners |
| Phasmatodea | (order) Stick Bugs |
| Phasmatodea characteristics? | herbivorous, pests, perform crypsis, leaf-like Walkingsticks: long legs, 5seg tarsi, long body, no wings, |
| What is the most important sign to watch for on walking sticks and why? | Stripes, striped ones will spray a painful white chemical while non-striped ones are harmless. |
| Mantodea | (order) mantids |
| Mantodea characteristics? | predators, use crypsis, hatch from ootheca |
| crypsis | blending into environment |
| Mantidae | (family) mantids |
| ootheca | case/sac holding unborn insects |
| Blattodea | (order) cockroaches and termites |
| Blattodea characteristics? | Roach: concealed head, cant grasp or jump, no stridulate, 5seg tarsi, wings present/reduced, eggs in ootheca, omnivore Termite: hormones determine caste, similar size wings, soft body (except king and queen) lose wings after mating, |
| Blattidae | (family) Roaches, female subgenital plate split lengthwise, male styli similar, large |
| Blatellidae | (family) roaches, smaller, subgenital plate entire |
| What are the three groups within the Clade Neoptera? | Polyneoptera, Condyloptera, Holometabola |
| Polyneoptera/Orthopteroida characteristics? | Simple metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe (if wing present) |
| Condyloptera/Hemipteroida characteristics? | (order) Simple metamorphosis, sucking mouthparts |
| Hemiptera | (order) True Bugs (cicadas, leaf hoppers, Aphids) |
| White flies characteristics? | antennae with 3-7 segments, white wings, no jump legs, simple metamorphosis |
| Adelgidae | (family) Pine and spruce Aphids |
| Adelgidae characteristics? | wings with 3 veins, no cornicle, wings held roof-like |
| cornicle | pair of upright backwards-facing tubes |
| Aphididae | (family) Aphids |
| Aphididae characteristics? | Wings with 4-6 veins, |
| stigma | pigmented spot near the wing tip |
| Cicadidae | (order) Cicada |
| Cicadidae characteristics? | 3 ocelli, often large but can be small |
| ocellus (plural ocelli) | simple eye |
| Plant Hoppers | flattened spur at apex of hind tibia |
| Leafhoppers | 2 rows of spines on hind tibia |
| Froghoppers/Spittlebugs | hind tibia with couple of spines |
| Treehoppers | large pronotum covers thorax and abdomen |
| Heteroptera | (suborder) True Bugs |
| Giant Water Bugs | raptorial forelegs, bite |
| Gerridae | (family) Water Striders |
| Gerridae characteristics? | rather unmistakable, skimming on water |
| Reduviidae | (family) Assassin Bug |
| Reduviidae characteristics? | beak fits into groove in prosternum, raptorial forelegs, predatory, BITE |
| Plant/Leaf Bugs | 1-2 closed cells in forewing |
| Seed Bugs | 4-5 veins in membrane |
| Leaf-footed Bugs | hemelytra with many veins, males w/ expanded hind femora |
| Pentatomidae | (family) stink bugs |
| Pentatomidae characteristics? | scutellum triangular, corium broad |
| scutellum | triangular part in front of thorax back |
| corium | leathery portion of forewing |
| Holometabola | (clade) Complete metamorphosis |
| Hymenoptera | (order) Ants, Bees, Wasps, Sawflies "married-wing" |
| Hymenoptera Characteristics? | complete metamorphosis, non-feeding pupal stage, wings hooked together |
| Sawflies | (suborder) phytophagous, no waist, pests to fruit and other plants, caterpillar-like larva |
| phytophagous | feeding on plants |
| Apocrita | (suborder) waist between 1st and 2nd abdomen seg., thorax 4 seg, grub larva, parasitic, ovipositor modified to stinging |
| Sphecidae | (family) thread-waisted wasps |
| Sphecidae characteristics? | includes var. of mud daubers, ped. parasit., solitary, thin wire waist, mass provision |
| mass provisioning | the larva is given a large amount of food at once |
| progressive provisioning | the larva is given food gradually |
| Vespidae | (family) paper wasps, hornets, yellowjackets |
| Ichneumonidae | (family) parasit. wasps of other insects |
| Apidae | (family) Honey, Bumble, Carpenter, Orchid Bees |
| Apidae characteristics? | fuzzy, nectar feed, mass or prog. provisioning |
| What is the recent trend in Bee populations? | Disappearance and collapse. |
| What is Colony Colapse Disorder (CCD)? | The recent trend of bees disappearing due to multiple ecological factors. |
| Halictidae | (family) sweat bees ground nest, mass prov. all pollen feed |
| Formicidae | (family) Ants some bite and sting, petiole bumps, elbow antennae, pred. parasit. herb. frug., Eusocial w/ castes |
| petiole | slender stalk between two points (thorax and abdomen for Formicidae) |
| Eusocial | displaying high levels of organization in raising offspring including castes of nonbreeding individuals |
| Megaloptera | (order) Dobsonflies |
| Megaloptera characteristics? | hind wings broad base than front, w/o forked major veins, males have large tusks, larva called "hellgrammites" |
| Neuroptera | (order) Lacewings and kin cross veins make wings netted |
| Myrmeleontidae | (family) antlions short club antennae, long slender abdomen, larva doodlebugs, resemble dragonflies |
| Coleoptera | (order) Beetles 4 wings, front hard, membr. hind wings fly, mandible mouth, leathery elytra, eat anything |
| Gyrinidae | (family) Whirligig Beetles appear to have 2 sets eyes, spin at surface, pred. |
| Carabidae | (family) Ground Beetles most carn, some herb. |
| Passalidae | (family) Bessbugs flat body, horn, mentum emarginate (mouthpart notched tip) |
| Lucanidae | (family) Stag Beetles evenly rounded, simple mentum, feeds on fluids of decay wood |
| mentum | base part of labium (fused mouthpart) |
| Scarabidae | (family) scarab beetles scav. some herb. |
| Cerambycidae | (family) long horned beetles long antennae, bore into stems, adult herb, serious pest |
| Chrysomelidae | (family) Leaf Beetles short circle body, antenna half body length, larv wood bore destructive, eyes notched/divided by antennae |
| Cucurlionidae | (family) Snout Beetles rponounced snout, club antenna come from snout, antenna <4 segs, |
| Staphylinidae | (family) Rove Beetles short square elytra, >3 abdomen seg visible, abdomen held like scorpion tail, around decay material, pred. and parasit. |
| Silphidae | (family) Carrion Beetles soft body, elytra short red/black |
| Elateridae | (family) Click Beetles prosternum with ventral spine, |
| Lampyridae | (family) Fireflies/Lightningbugs pronotum over head, wings soft and flat, tail lights up |
| Coccinellidae | (family) Ladybird Beetles oval, convex, head covered pronotum, 3 seg tarsi, |
| Meloidae | (family) Blister Beetles elytra shorter than abdomen, pronotum narrower than head, secrete blistering chem. |
| Trichoptera | (order) caddisflies Adult: don't feed, Larv: pred., alg grazers, debris shreder abdomen gills, long caterpillar like |
| Lepidoptera | (order) Butterflies, Moths, Skippers Showy, important agricultural pests or pollinator, scales on wings larva: caterpillars, 5 sets prolegs |
| How are butterflies related to moths? | butterflies are a clade within the larger collection called moths |
| How are Lepidoptera differentiated? | Antennae butterfly: clubbed Skipper: hooked Moths: other (males often more feathery) |
| Hesperiidae | (family) the skippers |
| Papilionidae | (family) swallowtails noted by tail edge on back of wings |
| Nymphalidae | (family) Brush-footed Butterflies walk on 4 rear legs w front to taste, variety wingspan |
| Saturniidae | (family) Silk Moths make big cocoons |
| Sphingidae | (family) Hawkmoths large wingspan, wide but narrow wings |
| Mecoptera | (order) scorpionflies has scorpion-like tail end, give nuptial gifts (food for female during mating) |
| Diptera | (order) True flies 2 wings, 2 halteres, pred. herbaceous. parasit. detrit., nectarivores., sucking mouthparts (can be modified) |
| haltere | vestigial hindwings in Diptera now used for balance |
| Nematocera | (suborder) Antennae has 6 or more segments |
| Tipulidae | (family) Crane Flies adults: long thin legs, V shaped on mesonotum (back), dont feed, no ocelli |
| Psychodidae | (family) Moth flies and sand flies small wings, hairs on margin, long parall veins, hairy body, live in moist shade, transmit diseases |
| Culicidae | (family) mosquitos scaly wings, long proboscis |
| Brachycera | (suborder) 5 or few antennae segments |
| Tebanidae | (family) Horse flies and deer flies large upper and lower calypters |
| calypter | bump at wing lobe (uncertain definition) |
| Phoridae | (family) hump-backed flies hump back, no crossveins, rapid darting, laterally flattened hind femora |
| Asilidae | (family) Robber flies divit between eyes, never holoptic eyes (never meet), stout or slender, prey on insects in flight |
| Bombyliidae | (family) Bee flies short, fuzzy, long prob., hover and buzz, larv paras. on Hymenoptera and others. |
| Dichopodidae | (family) long-legged flies metallic green or copper, pred on small insects, male genital fold under abdomen |
| Syrphidae | (family) hoverflies expert mimicry, hover around vegetation, extra "spurious vein" |
| Calliphoridae | (family) blowflies metallic blue or green, scav., paras. |
| Muscidae | (family) House/latrine flies larv live in filth and excrement, disease carriers, |
| Drophilidae | (family) Pomace flies calypters absent |
Created by:
NickAbell
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