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409 Digestive Sys
Honors
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Alimentary canal - | digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus |
| major organs of the digestive system - | mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine generally refers to the structures food moves through during digestion |
| accessory organs of the digestive system - | liver, gallbladder, pancreas generally refers to structures that aid in digestion but that food doesn't pass through |
| Mechanical digestion - | Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces Includes teeth chewing and the stomach churning |
| Chemical digestion - | Process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use Begins in the mouth |
| Ingestion - | taking in food |
| Oral cavity - | the mouth |
| Saliva - | secreted by salivary glands Contains amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates Contains mucus, which protects the mouth Contains buffers, which neutralize acids Contains antibacterial substances, which kill bacteria |
| Teeth - | Used for mechanical digestion From front to back: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars |
| Tongue - | manipulates food for chewing and swallowing contains chemoreceptors used for the sense of taste |
| Epiglottis - | A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe when swallowing in order to prevent food from entering the trachea |
| Bolus - | The mixture of chewed up food and saliva that is swallowed |
| Esophagus - | A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach Pushes food along via peristalsis |
| Esophageal sphincter - | muscular ring at the top of the esophagus that relaxes during swallowing to allow food to enter the esophagus |
| Peristalsis - | Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system Controlled by smooth muscle Occurs in the esophagus and intestines |
| Stomach - | large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food Contains many folds, which enables expansion Its muscle contractions are called churning Churning mechanically digests food |
| Gastric juice - | Found in the stomach Secreted by gastric glands Highly acidic Has a pH of 2 Contains mucus, hydrochloric acid, and the enzyme pepsin |
| Three cell types found in gastric glands - | Mucus cels, parietal cells, and chief cells |
| Mucus cells - | secrete mucus Mucus helps lubricate and protect the stomach |
| chief cells - | secrete pepsinogen pepsinogen is an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin Pepsinogen becomes pepsin in the presence of hydrochloric acid Pepsin breaks down proteins |
| Parietal cells - | secrete hydrogen ions and chloride ions theses combine to form hydrochloric acid |
| Lining of stomach - | composed of epithelial tissue must be constantly replaced Like all types of tissue repair in the body, the cells that line the stomach are replaced by mitosis |
| Chyme - | pronounced "kime" the liquified food that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine |
| Small intestine - | Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place From the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream Undigested food and wastes are passed onto the large intestine |
| Carbohydrate digestion - | polysaccharides are broken down into disaccharides, and disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides Begin in the mouth with amylase Continues in small intestine with pancreatic amylase, sucrase, maltase, and lactase |
| Pancreas - | Secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine Pancreatic juice neutralizes the acidity of the chyme Pancreatic juice also contains pancreatic amylase, which further breaks down carbohydrates |
| Liver - | Secretes bile This bile is stored in the gallbladder The gallbladder secretes bile into the small intestine Bile helps digest lipids |
| Villi - | Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed Composed of epithelial cells that absorb nutrients These nutrients then diffuse into capillaries |
| Microvilli - | Fingerlike extensions of on the membranes of the epithelial cells of the villi Further increase the surface area of the small intestine |
| Large intestine - | Subdivided into the colon and rectum In the colon, water is reabsorbed and some vitamins are absorbed In the rectum, solid waste is stored for eventual elimination |
| Colon - | all of the large intestine except the rectum |
| Rectum - | the final section of the large intestine stores feces until it can be eliminated |
Created by:
Mr. Ford
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