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Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anatomy | study of the structure of body parts |
| gross anatomy | the study of parts seen without a microscope. studied regionally or systematically |
| microscopic anatomy | cystolgoy- study of the cell histology- study of tissues |
| pathological anatomy | study of internal structures visualized by x-ray |
| molecular biology | study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level |
| physiology | the study of the function of the body |
| A & P are | inseparable |
| 6 levels of structural organization | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal |
| chemical | the gaseous atoms combined to form molecules |
| cellular | cells are made of molecules |
| tissue | consists of similar types of cells |
| organ | made up of different types of tissues |
| organ system | consists of different organs that work closely together |
| organismal | made up of organ systems |
| integumentary system | forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthsizes vitamin D; site of cutaneous receptors and oil and sweat glands |
| skeletal system | protects and supports body organs; provides a frameworkthe muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; store mineral |
| muscular system | allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture, produces heat |
| nervous system | fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands |
| endocrine system | glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells |
| cardiovascular system | blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc; the heart pumps blood |
| lymphatic/immune system | picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body |
| respiratory system | keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs |
| digestive system | breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces |
| urinary system | eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the food |
| male reproductive system | overall function is production of offspring |
| female reproductive system | overall function is production of offspring. further, function is for growth and development of offspring |
| 8 necessary life functions | maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth |
| maintaining boundaries | the internal environment remains distinct from the external |
| cellular level | accomplished by plasma membranes |
| organismal level | accomplished by the skin |
| movement | locomotion, propulsion, and contractility |
| responsiveness | ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them |
| digestion | breakdown of ingested foodstuff |
| metabolism | all the chemical reactions that occur in the body |
| excretion | removal of wastes from the body |
| reproduction | cellular and organismal levels |
| growth | increase in size of a body part or of the organism |
| 5 survival needs | nutrients, oxygen, water, maintaining normal body temperature, atmospheric |
| nutrients | chemical substances used for energy and cell building |
| oxygen | needed for metabolic reactions |
| water | provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions |
| maintaining normal body temperature | necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates |
| atmospheric pressure | required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs |
| homestasis | the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal ensvironment in an ever-changing outside world |
| 3 control mechanisms | receptor, control center, effector |
| receptor | monitors the environments and responds to changes |
| control center | determines the set point at which the variable is maintained |
| effector | provides the means to responds to the stimulus |
| negative feedback systems | the output shuts off the original stimulus |
| positive feedback systems | the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus until the desired result is accomplished |
| anatomical position | body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body |
| superior & inferior | toward and away from the head |
| anterior & posterior | toward the front and back of the body |
| medial, lateral, and intermediate | toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure |
| proximal & distal | closer to and farther from the origin of the body |
| superficial & deep | toward and away from the body surface |
| body planes | sagittal, midsagittal, frontal, transverse, oblique section |
| sagittal | divides the body into right and left parts |
| midsagittal or medial | sagittal plane that lies on the midline |
| frontal or coronal | divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| transverse or horizontal | divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
| oblique section | cuts made diagonally |
Created by:
wolfkylee
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