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Regents Vocab Review
NYS Living Environment Course
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abiotic | non-living factors (ex. sun |
| Acid Rain | rain that has a low pH (very acidic) and lowers the pH of the environment |
| active transport | move from low to high concentration |
| Active transport | Requires the use of energy moves from low to high concentration |
| Adaptation | An inherited trait that allows a species to survive (ex. strong wings |
| allergy | extreme immune response to a harmless substance |
| Alternative energy sources | energy sources that are alternatives to fossil fuels and better for the environment (wind |
| amino acid | building blocks of proteins coded by RNA |
| Anaerobic | Doesn't make more oxygen |
| Antibiotic | Medicine that inhabits the growth of bacteria |
| Antibiotic resistance | when there is a natural variation (mutation) in bacteria and the ones with the mutation become resistant to antibiotics; solution to the problem →make a new antibiotic |
| Antibody | molecule made by white blood cell that identifies antigens on pathogen (SHAPE MATTERS) |
| Antigen | molecule on pathogens that trigger an immune response |
| antigen | molecules on surface of pathogens the immune system recognizes as foreign |
| Aerobic respiration | Requires oxygen and makes more ATP energy of sugar |
| Asexual reproduction | A method of reproduction in which all the genes passed on to the offspring come from a single individual or parent |
| ATP | energy molecule for cells |
| Autotroph | An organism that produces its own food; the source of energy for all other living things on earth |
| Bacteria | Any one of many single-felled organisms without a distinct nucleus |
| Base | DNA are made up of these four molecules (G C A T) (REMEMBER → G - C and A - T) |
| Biodiversity | The variety of species in an area |
| Biomagnification | there are more toxins at the top of an energy pyramid because the number of toxins increases as they move up the pyramid |
| Biotic | living factors (plants |
| Carbohydrates | made up of simple sugars (needed for energy) |
| Carnivore | consumes/heterotrophs that eat other consumers (meat eaters) |
| carrying capacity | the largest population of any species an ecosystem can support |
| Catalyst | another word for enzyme |
| Cell | The basic unit of structure and function that makes up all organisms |
| cell membrane | thin |
| cell wall | supports plant cells |
| Cellular respiration | process that makes ATP (O2 + glucose → CO2 + H2O + ATP) |
| Chromosomes | A thick thread like structure that contains genetic information in the form of DNA |
| Circulatory system | system that pumps O2 and glucose to cells and pumps away CO2 and waste through blood (transportation |
| climax community | last community to move in during succession |
| clone | genetically identical copies made by asexual reproduction |
| common ancestor | organism that different species both evolved from |
| Communication | Exchange of information between organs |
| Community | A combination of all the different populations that live and interact in the same environment |
| competition | fighting for the same resources |
| Constant | things that stay the same in an experiment; NEVER the variables |
| Consumer | organisms that get food from eating (consuming) other organisms (animals) |
| control group | the group that is the experiment is compared to |
| Cytoplasm | gel-like substance in cell |
| Data | The results of specific traits or tests completed during experiments |
| data analysis | use of tables |
| Decomposer | organisms that break down dead organisms into nutrients (bacteria |
| Deforestation | cutting down trees; causes loss of biodiversity |
| Differentiation | the process of cells becoming specialized during fetal development (happens after mitosis) |
| Diffusion | Movement of molecules from high energy uses no energy |
| Digestion | breaks big molecules into smaller molecules |
| Digestive system | system that brings in and breaks down food into glucose |
| Direct harvesting | when you plant one crop and harvest all of it |
| DNA | double stranded molecule that contains genetic information |
| Ecological succession | when an ecological community changes over time from bare land (least amount of biodiversity and least stable) to a very bio-diverse and stable environment; if it is burned down or destroyed |
| Ecology | The study of how living things interact with each other and with their own environment |
| Ecosystem | All the living and nonliving things that interact in a species area;a subdivision of the environment |
| Embryo | An organism in the early stages of development |
| energy pyramid | shows how energy moves and is lost through a food chain (10% rule) |
| Enzyme | Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in living things |
| estrogen | female reproductive hormone |
| Estrogen/progesterone | female sex hormones that regulate female reproductive cycle |
| Evolution | The process by which species have changed overtime |
| Excretory system | system that gets rid of waste from blood through urine (kidneys) |
| experimental group | the group that is testing the hypothesis |
| Extinct | when a species dies because it could not survive in the changing environment |
| Extinction | The disappearance of all members of a species on earth |
| Fat | Compound made of fatty acid molecules |
| Feedback mechanisms | when the body regulates internal imbalances |
| fertilization | combining of egg and sperm |
| Fetus | The unborn developing young of an animal during the later stages |
| Food chain | A representation that identifies the specific relationships among organisms |
| Food web | A representation of many interconnected food chains that shows the feeding relationships among |
| Fossil fuels | oil |
| Fossil record | A collection of fossils used to represent earth's history |
| Fossil record | A collection of fossils used to represent earth's history |
| Fungi | A kingdom of organisms that are mostly multicellular have cell walls made of chitin and are heterotrophic |
| Fungi | A kingdom of organisms that are mostly multicellular have cell walls made of chitin and are heterotrophic |
| Gametes | sex cells (egg and sperm); mutations in these cells are passed to offspring |
| gel electrophoresis | technique that determines relationships between organisms by comparing DNA |
| Gene | section of DNA that codes for a protein (trait) |
| gene expression | genes may be turned "on" or "off" based on an organism's needs and environmental conditions |
| Genetic engineering | A set of technologies that humans use to Alter the genetic instructions of an organism b substituting DNA molecules |
| Genetic similarities | the best evidence of evolution (includes similar DNA and amino acid sequences); if two species have a lot of DNA in common |
| genetic variation | differences in genes or DNA among offspring |
| Global warming | increase in earth's temperature |
| graph | Title (IV vs DV) |
| Greenhouse gases | gases that cause global warming (ex. CO2) |
| Guard cell | Specialized cells that control the opening and closing the pores on the surface of the leaf |
| Habitat | The place where a plant or animal lives |
| Herbivore | consumers/heterotrophs that eat producers/autotrophs (plant eaters) |
| Heterotroph | An organism that cannot make its own food; a consumer |
| Heterotroph | An organism that cannot make its own food; a consumer |
| heterotroph | eats others for food |
| Heterotroph | organisms that get food from eating other organisms; another word for consumer (animals) |
| HIV | a virus that attacks the immune system |
| Hole in ozone layer | a problem caused by using CFCs; it lets in too much UV radiation from the sun |
| Homeostasis | internal balance in an organism |
| Hormones | proteins that travel through bloodstream for cell communication |
| human activities | things humans do that impact the environment |
| human impact | humans have changed drastically the biotic and abiotic environment |
| Human overpopulation | too many people in one place for the resources available; causes all the environmental problems we have |
| Hypothesis | A statement that predicts a relationship between cause and effect in a way that can be tested |
| Immune system | system that protects body from foreign invaders (pathogens/microbes) |
| Industrialization | when we started using factories to produce things and increased pollution |
| Inorganic molecule | water |
| Insulin | an hormone that regulates blood sugar (it tells body to lower glucose in blood when blood sugar is too high) |
| invasive species | non-native species that harms the ecosystem |
| Leaf | Flattened structure attached to stem where photosynthesis occurs |
| levels of organization | organelle |
| Limiting factor | Any factor in the environment that limits the size of a population |
| Liver | Large organ involved in neutralizing toxins |
| Macromolecule | a big molecule |
| meiosis | cell division where new cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original cell (sex cells) |
| Mitochondria | Pod shaped organelles that contain enzymes used to extract energy from nutrients |
| mitosis | cell division where new cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell (body cells) |
| Muscular system | system that allows for voluntary movement and involuntary movement (ex. heart beating) |
| Mutation | a change in DNA |
| natural selection | organisms that are best adapted to the environment survive and produce more offspring over time |
| Neuron | Nerve cell |
| Nerve cells | fast cell communication |
| Nervous system | system that controls and regulates the body |
| Niche | The specific role played by an organism in an ecosystem. |
| Nonrenewable resources | resources that cannot be recycled |
| Nucleus | A large structure within a cell metabolism and stores genetic information including chromosomes over time |
| Observations | Any information that is collected with any of the senses |
| Omnivore | consumes/heterotrophs that eat both producers and consumers (eat both plants and animals) |
| organelle | part of cell that does a specific action |
| Organic molecule | molecule made up of carbon and hydrogen |
| Osmosis | A diffusion of water in or out of a cell |
| Ovaries | in the female reproductive system; where eggs are made through meiosis |
| Pancreas | organ/structure that releases insulin |
| paper chromatography | technique that determines relationships between organisms by comparing protein bands |
| parasite | organism that takes nutrients from a host |
| Parasite-host relationship | when one organism feeds on another organism without killing it (ex. lice) |
| Pathogens | foreign invader to body (virus or harmful bacteria) |
| Period | Length of time |
| Pesticide resistance | when there is a natural variation (mutation) in insects and the ones with the mutation become resistant to the pesticide; solution to the problem →make a new pesticide |
| pH | measures how acidic something is |
| Photosynthesis | Takes radiant energy of the sun to create sugar (glucose) molecules for plant cells using water and carbon dioxide |
| Pituitary gland | The master gland of the endoplasmic system located at the base of the brain |
| Placenta | The organ that enables nutrients and oxygen to pass from the mother's blood to the fetus and waste products to pass from the fetus to the mother's blood |
| Population | All the individuals of a single species that live in specific area |
| Predator-prey relationship | when an animal hunts and eats another animal (ex. lion and antelope) |
| Producer | organisms that make (produce) their own food using the sun (plants |
| Protein synthesis | DNA |
| Proteins | made up of amino acids |
| Recombination of genes | when genes recombine in different ways |
| Relative dating | Determining the order of past events without determining absolute age |
| renewable resources | resources that can be replaced by natural means |
| Respiration | Organisms get energy by breaking the bonds of sugar molecules the released energy is used to make a molecule ATP |
| respiratory system | brings oxygen in and removes carbon dioxide from the body |
| Ribosomes | Tiny structures in the cell that are the sites of protein production |
| RNA | DNA is translated into this before protein is synthesized (REMEMBER: G → C |
| Scavenger | an animal that finds/eats something that has already died (does not hunt but scavenges) (ex. vulture) |
| scientific method | observations |
| selective breeding | choosing organisms with desired traits to serve as parents for the next generation |
| Selective breeding | The process of choosing a few organisms with deliberate traits to serve as the parents of the next generation |
| Selective breeding | The process of choosing a few organisms with deliberate traits to serve as the parents of the next generation |
| Selective breeding | when we select animals/plants with desired traits to breed hoping to get the trait in the offspring |
| Sexual reproduction | A method of reproduction that involves two parents producing offspring that are generally different from either parent |
| Sexual reproduction | A method of reproduction that involves two parents producing offspring that are generally different from either parent |
| Skeletal system | system that provides structure |
| Species | A group of organisms that share certain characteristics and can mate with one another |
| Species | A group of organisms that share certain characteristics and can mate with one another |
| Starch | an example of a carbohydrate |
| Stem | The main stalk of a plant |
| Stem | The main stalk of a plant |
| Stimulus | Any change in the environment that causes an organism to react |
| Stimulus | Any change in the environment that causes an organism to react |
| Stomates | Small holes in leaves |
| Stomates | Small holes in leaves |
| Structural similarities | evidence for evolution based on similarities of structures of different species (not the best evidence) |
| succession | process where in an area an existing community is replaced with another community over time |
| Survival of the fittest | when the best organisms survive and reproduce |
| synthesis | building or putting molecules together |
| Testosterone | male sex hormone that stimulates production of sperm |
| trade off | balancing the pros and cons |
| Trait | Families sharing a set of similar characteristics |
| uterus | where the fetus grows and develops |
| Vaccine | A substance made of weakened killed or or partial pathogens and designed to protect the body from future invasions of that pathogen |
| vacuole | storage in plant cells |
| Vacuoles | Storage sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell that may contain either wastes or useful materials |
| Validity | makes an experiment more valid (true) by repeating experiment or increasing sample size |
| Virus | A nonliving particle of proteins and genetic material that reproduces by invading the cell of a living organism |
| White blood cells | cells that 1. make antibodies to identify antigens on pathogen |
| Wind/solar/water power | renewable resources that are better for the environment (BUT very expensive) |
| Zygote | The cell that result from joining of the egg and sperm |
Created by:
klangke1254
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