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Final Exam A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| epiphysis | end of long bone |
| calcitonin | decreases blood calcium levels, by depositing it into bone (activates osteoblasts) |
| parathyroid hormone | increases blood calcium levels, by removing it from bone (activates osteoclasts) |
| articular cartilage | hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints |
| adduction | movement toward the midline |
| abduction | movement away from the midline |
| inversion | turning the sole of the foot inward |
| eversion | turning the sole of the foot outward |
| pronation | turning the palm downward |
| supination | turning the palm upward |
| flexion | decreases the angle of a joint |
| extension | increases the angle of a joint |
| ligament | connective tissue that attaches bone to bone |
| synovial joint | fully moveable joint in which a fluid filled synovial (joint) cavity is present between the two articulating bones |
| repolarization | return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell |
| hyperpolarization | movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction |
| depolarization | process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive |
| threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| resting membrane potential | the electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active; -70 mV |
| midbrain | part of the brainstem above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward |
| pons | part of the brainstem that helps to regulate the pattern of breathing and relay information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain |
| medulla oblongata | part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion |
| peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
| autonomic nervous system | subdivision of the peripheral nervous system which controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands |
| sympathetic division | part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body and allows it to deal with perceived threats |
| parasympathetic division | branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal body functions; it calms the body ever conserves energy |
| somatic nervous system | division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
| afferent | in neurons, another name for sensory (toward CNS) |
| efferent | in neurons, another name for motor (away from CNS) |
| corpus callosum | broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain |
| actin | contractile protein that makes up the thin filaments of muscle fibers |
| myosin | contractile protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fibers |
| cross-bridges | connections between the heads of myosin filaments and receptor sites on the actin filaments |
| T-tubules | deep fold of the sarcolemma which allow the action potential to spread within the muscle fiber |
| sarcomere | contractile unit of a muscle fiber |
| myofilament | contractile proteins, actin and myosin, of muscle cells; makes up myofibrils |
| myofibril | long, filamentous organelle found within muscle cells that has a banded appearance; contains myofilaments |
| action potential | neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
| glycolysis | first step in releasing the energy of glucose; anaerobic respiration |
| cellular respiration | process that produces ATP from food in the presence of oxygen within mitochondria |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction |
| acetylcholinesterase | enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft |
| aerobic | process that requires oxygen |
| anaerobic | process that does not require oxygen |
| EPOC (oxygen debt) | state in which the body's metabolism is elevated after exercise; characterized by rapid, deep breathing to help return the body to pre-exercise state |
| arachnoid mater | weblike middle layer of the three meninges; large blood vessels pass through this space |
| cerebellum | the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include coordinating movement and balance |
| dura mater | thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord; forms venous sinuses |
| effort | the force applied by a muscle |
| epithalamus | contains pineal gland; involved in sleep/wake cycle |
| fissure | deep grooves that separate major brain structures |
| fulcrum | the pivot point of a lever; typically a synovial joint |
| ganglia (ganglion) | small collections of cell bodies found in the PNS |
| glycogen | glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle |
| gyri (gyrus) | ridges on the surface of the cerebrum |
| hypothalamus | neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several activities that maintain homeostasis (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland |
| load | what is moved by the effort; ex. body weight or external weight |
| mitochondria | organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in cellular respiration and energy production occur |
| neurotransmitter | chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gaps between neurons |
| paralysis | temporary or permanent loss of motor control |
| pectoral girdle | clavicle and scapula; form the shoulder |
| pelvic girdle | ilium, ischium, pubis; form the hip |
| pia mater | thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges, contains specialized capillaries |
| refractory period | period of inactivity after a neuron has fired and it cannot fire again |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) | specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in a muscle cell, which stores, releases, and retrieves Ca++ |
| Sulci (sulcus) | shallow grooves that separate gyri |
| tendon | attaches muscle to bone |
| Vitamin D function | necessary for the absorption of calcium; made by the skin when exposed to UV |
| appositional growth | increase in bone thickness/width |
| longitudinal growth | growth in bone length |
| osteoblast | cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation |
| osteoclast | bone cell that breaks down bone |
| osteocyte | mature bone cell |
| Wolff's Law | bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it |
| Schwann cells | produce myelin in PNS |
| ependymal cells | produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid with cilia |
| epiphyseal plate | cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton |
| elasticity | ability of a muscle to bounce back after being stretched |
| excitability | ability to respond to stimuli |
| contractility | ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated |
| extensibility | ability to be stretched |
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