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1610 Biology Ch. 10
Full Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An individual's genome is organized into individual units called ________. | genes |
| _________ is a highly regimented process that ensures a parent cell transmits one copy of every chromosome to each of its two daughter cells. | Mitosis |
| Most body cells of eukaryotes divide by __________. | Mitosis |
| ___________ is a process that reduces the chromosome number by half. | Meiosis |
| Sexual production involves the fusion of two sex cells, or gametes, to form a fertilized egg called a ________. | zygote |
| _________ makes it possible for each gamete to contain only half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell. | Meiosis |
| The major carriers of genetic information in eukaryotes are the ____________, which lie within the cell nuceleus. | chromosomes |
| Chromosomes are made of _________, a material consisting of DNA and associated proteins. | chromatin |
| An organism's _______ may contain hundreds or even thousands of genes. | genome |
| The Human Genome Project estimates that humans have about ________ genes that code for proteins. | 25,000 |
| By providing information needed to carry out one or more specific cell functions, a ____ affects some characteristic of an organism. | gene |
| Chromosome packaging is facilitated by certain proteins known as ___________. | histones |
| Histones have a _________ charge because they have a high proportion of amino acids with basic sides chains. (positive or negative) | positive |
| DNA has a ________ charge because of its phosphate groups. (positive or negative) | negative |
| The positively charged histones associate with negatively charged DNA to form structures called _____________. | nucleosomes |
| The fundamental unit of each nucleosome consists of a beadlike structure with _____ base pairs of DNA. | 146 |
| DNA in a nucleosome wraps around a disc-shaped core of ___ histone molecules. (How many?) | 8 |
| _________ function as tiny spools, preventing DNA strands from becoming tangled. | Nucleosomes |
| ___________ proteins are nonhistone proteins that help maintain chromosome structure. | Scaffolding |
| _________ are an important part of regulation of gene expression - that is, whether genes are turned on or off. | histones |
| Cell biologist have identified a group of proteins, collectively called ____________, required for chromosome compaction. | condensin |
| Most human body cells have exactly __ chromosomes. | 46 |
| The stages through which a cell passes from one cell division to the next are collectively referred to as the ____ ______. | cell cycle |
| What are the two main phases that the cell cycle consist of? | interphase and M phase |
| _______ phase involves two main processes, mitosis and cytokinesis. | M |
| _________ is a process involving the nucleus that ensures that each new nucleus receives the same number and types of chromosomes as were present in the original nucleus. | Mitosis |
| _________ is the division of the cell cytoplasm to form two new cells. | Cytokinesis |
| ________ generally begins before mitosis is complete. | cytokinesis |
| Most of cell's life is spent in _________, the time when no cell division is occuring. | Interphase |
| The time between the end of mitosis and the beginning of the S phase is termed the ___ phase. | G1 |
| Growth and normal metabolism take place during the __ phase, which is typically the longest phase. | G1 |
| During the ___ phase, DNA replicates and histone proteins are synthesized so that the cell can make duplicate copies of its chromosomes. | S, or synthesis phase |
| After the cell cycle completes the S phase, the cell enters a second gap phase, called the ___ phase. | G2 |
| During the ___ phase, increased protein synthesis occurs, as the final steps in the cell's preparation for division take place. | G2 |
| ________ is the nuclear division that produces two nuclei containing chromosomes identical to the parental nucleus. | Mitosis |
| _________ begins at the end of G2 phase. | Mitosis |
| What are the 5 stages Mitosis is divided into? | Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| The first stage of mitosis, _______, begins with chromosome compaction. | prophase |
| __________ ____________ is when the long chromatin fibers begin a coiling process that makes them shorter and thicker. | chromosome compaction |
| After compaction, the chromatin is referred to as __________. | chromosomes |
| Each chromosome that was duplicated following the S phase consists of a pair of _______ chromatids, which contain identical, double-stranded DNA sequences. | sister |
| Each chromatid includes a constricted region called the _________. | centromere |
| Sister chromatids are physically linked by a ring-shaped protein complex called __________. | cohesin |
| Attached to each centromere is a ____________, a multiprotein complex to which microtubules can bind. | kinetochore |
| A ________ __________ is a structure that separates the duplicated chromosomes during anaphase. | mitotic spindle |
| In dividing cells, each pole contains a region, the ________________ , from which extend the microtubules that form the mitotic spindle. | microtubule-organizing center |
| Animal cells have a pair of ___________ in the middle of each microtubule-organizing center. | centrioles |
| The centrioles are surrounded by fibrils that make up the ___________ ________. | pericentriolar material |
| Late in prophase, microtubules radiate from the pericentriolar material surrounding the centrioles; these clusters of microtubules are called _____. | asters |
| During _________ the nuclear envelope fragments and is sequestered in vesicles to be used later. | prometaphase |
| During ________, all the cell's chromosomes align at the cell's midplane, or metaphase plate. | metaphase |
| What are the two types of microtubules that the mitotic spindle has? | polar and kinetochore |
| _________ microtubules extend from each pole to the equatorial region, where they generally overlap. | polar |
| _________ microtubules extend from each pole and attach to the kinetochores. | Kinetochore |
| ___________ begins as the sister chromatids seperate. | Anaphase |
| Once the chromotids are no longer attached to their duplicates, each chromatid is called a ____________. | chromosome |
| The final stage of mitosis, ___________, is characterized by the arrival of the chromosomes at the poles. | telophase |
| ________ is the division of the cytoplasm to yield two daughter cells. | Cytokinesis |
| The contractile ring contracts, producing a ________ ________ that gradually deepens and eventually separates the cytoplasm into two daughter cells, each with a complete nucleus. | cleavage furrow |
| In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs by forming a _____ _______, a partition constructed in the equatorial region of the spindle and growing laterally toward the cell wall. | cell plate |
| The cell plate forms a line of vesicles originating in the _______ ________. | Golgi complex |
| Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, generally by ________ _________, a process in which one cell divides into two offspring cells. | binary fission |
| ________ _________ are signals in the genetic program that ensure that all the events of a particular stage have been completed before the next stage begins. | cell-cycle checkpoints |
| ________ _________ are enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them. | protein kinases |
| The protein kinases that are involved in controlling the cell cycle are ________-________ kinases. | cyclin-dependent or Cdks |
| Cdks are active only when they bind tightly to regulatory proteins called _________. | cyclins |
| In plant cells,_________ are a group of plant hormones that promote mitosis both in normal growth and in wound healing. | cytokinins |
| Protein ______ _________ are active at extremely low concentrations and stimulate mitosis in animal cells. | growth factors |
| In _______ reproduction a single parent splits, buds, or fragments to produce two or more individuals. | asexual |
| In most kinds of eukaryotic asexual reproduction, all the cells are the result of ________ divisions, so their genes and inherited traits are like those of the parent. | mitotic |
| A group of genetically identical organisms is termed a ________. | clone |
| __________ reproduction involves the union of two sex cells, or gametes, to form a single cell called a _________. | zygote |
| Each chromosome in a somatic cell of a plant or animal normally has a partner chromosome; the two partners are known as ___________ chromosomes. | homologous |
| The 46 chromosomes in human cells constitute ___ homologous pairs. | 23 |
| If a cell or nucleus contains two sets of chromosomes, it is said to have a ________ chromosome number. | diploid |
| If a cell or nucleus contains only a single set of chromosomes it has a ________ chromosome number. | haploid |
| In humans the diploid chromosome number is ___ and the haploid number is ___. | 46; 23 |
| When a sperm and egg fuse at fertilization, each gamete is _________, contributing one set of chromosomes. | haploid |
| If an individual's cells have three or more sets of chromosomes, we say that it is _________. | polyploid |
| The chromosome number found in the gametes of a particular species is represented as __. | n |
| The zygotic chromosome number found in gametes is represented as ___. | 2n |
| In humans, n=__. | 23 |
| In humans 2n=__. | 26 |
| A cell division that reduces chromosome number is called ________. | meiosis |
| In ________ a diploid cell undergoes two cell divisions, potentially yielding four haploid cells. | meiosis |
| During meiosis __, the members of each homologous chromosome pair first join and then seperate and move into different nuclei. | I |
| During meiosis __, the sister chromatids that make up each duplicated chromosome seperate from each other and are distributed to two different nuclei. | II |
| During _________ the homologous chromosomes come to lie lengthwise side by side. | Prophase I |
| The process when chromosomes lay side by side in Prophase I is known as __________. | synapsis |
| One member of each homologous pair is known as the _________ homologue, because it was originally inherited from the female parent during the formation of the zygote. | maternal |
| One member of each homologous pair is called the _________ homologue, because it was inherited from the male parent. | paternal |
| Synapsis of two chromosomes with two chromatids each results in four chromatids known as _________. | tetrads |
| Electron microscopic observations reveal that a characteristic structure, the ___________ complex, forms along the entire length of the synapsed homologues in prophase I. | synaptonemal |
| Chromosome ______-_____ is a process in which enzymes break and rejoin DNA, allowing paired homologous chromosomes to exchange genetic material. | crossing-over |
| Crossing-over produces new combinations of ________. | genes |
| In late prophase I, the homologous chromosomes are held together only at specific regions, termed ________. | chiasmata |
| ____________ occurs when the tetrads align on the midplane. (stage of meiosis) | metaphase I |
| During _________, the paired homologous chromosomes seperate, or disjoin, and move toward opposite poles. (stage of meiosis) | anaphase I |
| During __________, the chromotids generally decondense somewhat, the nuclear envelope may reorganize, and cytokinesis may take place. (stage of meiosis) | telophase I |
| _________ is an interphase-like stage, but not a true interphase - there is no S phase and therfore no DNA replication. | Interkinesis |
| ____________ is similiar to mitotic prophase in many respects, but there is no pairing of homologous chromosomes (only one member is present in each nucleus) and no crossing-over. (Stage in meiosis) | Prophase II |
| During ___________ the chromosomes line up on the middle planes of their cells and chromatids are in groups of two. (Stage in Meiosis) | metaphase II |
| During __________ the chromatids, attached to spindle fibers at their kinetochores, seperate and move to opposite poles, just as they would in mitotic anaphase. (stage in meiosis) | anaphase II |
| During _________ there is one representative for each homologous pair at each pole. (stage in meiosis) | telophase II |
| _________ is a single nuclear division in which sister chromatids separate from each other. | mitosis |
| In __________, a diploid cell undergoes two successive nuclear divisions. | meiosis |
| In prophase I of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis to form ________. | tetrads |
| Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis __. | I |
| Sister chromatids separate during meisos __. | II |
| __________ ends with the formation of four genetically different, haploid daughter cells. | Meiosis |
| Gametes develop when _________, which give rise to the next generation, undergo meiosis. | germ line cells |
| The formation of gametes is known as ____________. | gametogenesis |
| Male gametogenesis, termed __________, forms four haploid sperm cells for each cell that enters meiosis. | spermatogenesis |
| Female gametogenesis, termed ___________, forms a single egg cell, or ovum, for every cell that enters meiosis. | oogenesis |
Created by:
Grace Perry
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