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Bio-psych
exam revision
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| homozygous recessive | a genotype that consists of two recessive alleles e.g bb |
| homozygous dominant | a genotype that consists of two dominant alleles e.g BB |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a particular gene |
| Phenotype | the physical characteristics of an individual |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism eg. 1Bb: 1 bb |
| diploid | a diploid cell has 2 sets of chromosomes ( 46 total 23 sets) |
| haploid | haploid is half and is 1 set of chromosomes 23 |
| somatic cells | body cells contain 46 chromosomes |
| gametes | sex cells egg and sperm contain 23 chromosomes |
| Carrier | someone who doesn’t show the trait but can pass it on |
| autosome | any chromosome that is not involved in sex determination |
| sex-chromosome | a chromosome concerned in determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. |
| X-linked | refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome. Females are XX and Males XY |
| Alleles | an allele is different forms of a gene, each individual has two alleles for each gene e.g brown, blonde hair color alleles. |
| Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis | Mitosis results in two nuclei that are identical to the original nucleus. Meiosis results in four nuclei, each having half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. |
| what are the stages of mitosis | Interphase, Prophase , Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| Cats have 38 chromosomes in total - identify a cat’s diploid number and haploid number of chromosomes | diploid number is 38 and Haploid is 19 |
| Explain how the sex chromosomes determine gender by writing the genotype for female and genotype for male. | When the chromosomes show XX then the genotype is Female, and XY for male. |
| the nucleotide structure | nucleotides are made up of three parts; Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen containing base |
| Explain the term complementary base pairing | The four nitrogen-containing bases pair up with their complementary base pair, these are Adenine + Thymine and Guanine + Cytosine |
| Half of a strand of DNA bases is shown below. Identify the complementary DNA strand. ACGTCAATGCATA | TGCAGTTACGTAT |
| Lamarck's theory of evolution | Lamarck's theory was that living things passed on the parts that were used most, and they could gain things needed in life and pass it on to their offspring. |
| Darwin's theory of evolution | Darwin's theory was that there are variations of a species, All individuals have to struggle to survive, some were born with variations to help with survival, these would be the ones who survive best and reproduce the successful variations onto offspring. |
| Explain the process (steps involved) of natural selection | 1variation already exists 2selection pressure is present 3individuals with favourable trait are more likely to survive reproduce, pass trait onto offspring 4over generations ones with favourable trait increases those with unfavourable trait decreases |
| Using an example, explain the term artificial selection (selective breeding). | When humans decide which structures or behaviours are best suited to a species. Ex: Dog and Horse breeding, orchid or fruit tree breeding |
| Explain how artificial selection impacts genetic diversity. | artificial selection can result in an increase in variation within a species by selecting for specific traits, as well as by introducing new variations |
| Define the term species | A group of similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring in nature. |
| Outline the steps involved in allopatric speciation | 1.Separation of species due to geographical barrier 2.Mutations occur in each population 3.Different phenotypes are selected in each population due to different selection pressures 4.When individuals brought back they cannot produce fertile offspring |
| What conditions need to be present for fossilisation to occur | humid conditions, and cold temperatures |
| why are some species more likely to be fossilized over others? | - Hard structures such as exoskeletons - Buried in sediment quickly - Protected from scavengers - Protected from sunlight, wind, rain. - Cold temperatures - Humid conditions |
| Explain the difference between homologous and analogous structures. | Homologous structures is when a species have a similar structure, with a different function and analogous have a different structure with a similar function. |
| Which type of structure is considered evidence for relatedness between species | Homologous |
| Explain why there are similarities evident in homologous structures limb in vertebrates | Because they share have a recent common ancestor |
| What causes the differences evident in homologous structures | different selection pressures |
| Explain the term analogous structure. | An analogous structure is when species have a different structure, with a similar function and don't have a common ancestor. |
| Explain the distribution of closely related species, such as the boab tree, on different continents | continental drift is when the continents used to be connected and moved over time resulting in related species living on the opposite sides of the world |
| List some of the skeletal changes that have occurred through evolution of various human-like species to modern day humans. | homo sapiens now have bigger cranial capacities smaller teeth bipedal, upright posture smaller brow bridge more vertical face |
| Which skeletal structure changes enabled human to walk bipedally. | - Greater femoral angle - Parallel big toe - Pelvis more bowl shaped |
| Outline 5 features of an organised crime | self-perpetuation and continuing conspiracy, the goals of profit and power, the use of fear and corruption, and virtual immunity from the law. |
| Outline 5 features of a disorganised crime | sexual acts are sometimes performed on the body after death. The weapon is often present at the scene of the crime and the body is not removed. There are also other clues left at the crime scene, such as blood, semen and fingerprints. |
| Define the term criminal profile | Criminal profiling involves inferring the likely characteristics of an offender from analysis of their criminal behaviour. A criminal profile is an analysis of the crime scene informs the forensic psychologists about the perpetrator. |
| Explain the primary goal of criminal profiling | The primary goal of profiling is to narrow the field of possible suspects. |
| Identify and describe the 5 steps of Behavioural Evidence Analysis (BEA) method of criminal profiling | It involves the examination and interpretation of physical evidence, victimology, and crime scene characteristics. preservation, collection, examination, analysis, presentation, and returning evidence. |
| Explain the difference between signature aspect and signature behaviour include examples | Signature aspect: the emotional or psychological needs that offender satisfies when committing an offence, the motive Signature behaviour: acts committed by offenders that aren't necessary to complete the act. something they do for satisfaction. |
| Explain the function of the myelin sheath | Myelin is an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. The myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells. |
| Explain the function of the dendrites | Dendrites receive input from many other neurons and carry those signals to the cell body. |
| Explain the function of the axon | he function of axons is to carry electrical impulses that are the means of communication within the brain and between the brain and the rest of the body. |
| Explain the function of the axon terminal | to release neurotransmitter when stimulated by an electrical signal carried by the axon. |
| Explain the function of the Nucleus | Provides biochemical information to keep the neuron functioning. |
| Explain the function of the soma | Structure that determines whether the neuron will be activated & send a message. |
| Explain the function of the Terminal buttons | Terminal buttons are found at the end of the axon, below the myelin sheath, and are responsible for sending the signal on to other neurons. |
| Describe the central nervous system | The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. |
| What is the synaptic gap? | The synaptic cleft also called synaptic gap—is a gap between the pre- and postsynaptic cells |
| Describe the peripheral nervous system | all the nerves located outside of the central nervous system makes up the PNS |
| Explain the function of the somatic nervous system | The somatic nervous system consists of nerves that go to the skin and muscles and is involved in conscious activities. |
| Explain the function of the Autonomic system | The Autonomic system regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion |
| Describe the term neurotransmitter | Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that your body can't function without. |
| What effect does glutamate have? | Receptor biding results in neuron being more likely to fire a signal |
| What effect does GABA have? | Receptor binding results in neuron being less likely to fire a signal |
| Explain what the lock-and-key process is | Receptors and neurotransmitters act like a lock-and-key system. Just as it takes the right key to open a specific lock, a neurotransmitter (the key) will only bind to a specific receptor (the lock). |
| What is a fossil | Fossils are the preserved remains of an organism |
| natural selection | The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species. |
| Cerebral Cortex | Convoluted layer of neurons, making up the lobes. Our thoughts, feelings and understanding is all integrated here. |
| Cerebellum | Balance & coordination. Involved in our implicit memories, that are hard to put into words |
| Amygdala | Responsible for emotions and particularly emotional memories. |
| Hippocampus | Involved in consolidation of long-term memories, that we can state. |
| Medulla | brain stem, which connects brain and spinal cord, allowing communication |
| examples of signature behaviour | EG a symbol is left on the victim’s body, the body if positioned in a particular way. |
| examples of signature aspect | EG committing a crime out of anger |
Created by:
zoed
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