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exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does Australopithecus mean? | Southern Ape |
| Australopithecus afarensis is the scientific name (genus and species) name of a specific species of early humans? What does the name Australopithecus afarensis (A. afrarensis) mean? | Southern Ape of Africa |
| The most complete skeleton of an A. afarensis fossil was found by who? | Donald Johnson |
| When was the skeleton found? | 1974 |
| Where was the skeleton found? | Kenya |
| How old is the skeleton? | Between 4 million and 2.9 million years old |
| What was the nickname for the skeleton? | Lucy |
| Why was the skeleton named Lucy? | During the excavation and on the day of her discovery celebration, the Beatle song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” |
| Describe Lucy | She was small like a chimpanzee. She had curved fingers indicating that she may have still lived in trees. She was bipedal and walked upright. |
| Who were the Leakeys and what was their contribution to human evolution? | Louis and Mary Leakey were anthropologists in eastern Africa. They found many fossils of human skeleton remains including Australopithecus and Homo habilis specimens. |
| Name four groups of mammals that are primates: | humans, apes, monkeys, and lemurs |
| some characteristics that primates have in common: | ability to manipulate or grasp objects with their hands; keen eyesight; long, moveable arms; and large brains. |
| Which primates have the largest brains? | Humans |
| Large brains give humans the ability to | Reason |
| What phrase refers to the highly moveable hands and feet of primates? | Manual dexterity |
| How many digits to all primates typically have? | Five on each hand and foot |
| What do the digits have on them? | nails and a sensitive area on the tips |
| What phrase refers to primates having a thumb that can reach across the palm to meet the other four digits? | Opposable first digit or opposable thumb |
| What is the importance of having an opposable thumb? | Allows for grasping and using tools |
| Most mammals rely on which sense the most? | Smell |
| Primates rely on which sense the most? | Vision |
| Having eyes on the front of the face allows primates to have overlapping fields of vision called ______ vision which allows for a greater field of _____ to judge relative distance and movement. | Binocular;depth |
| What term refers to organisms that are active during the day? | Diurnal |
| What term refers to organisms that are active at night? | Nocturnal |
| Are most primates: diurnal or nocturnal? | Diurnal |
| What color of vision do diurnal organisms have? | Color |
| What color of vision do nocturnal organisms have? | Black and white |
| Are there some primates that are nocturnal? | yes |
| 19. What are some features of nocturnal primates that increase their binocular vision and decrease their sense of smell? | Smaller snouts and flattened faces |
| Describe the teeth of nocturnal primates? | Smaller in size than diurnal and unspecialized (meaning they have a varied diet) |
| Do primates have good locomotion? | yes |
| Which limbs do primates primarily use for locomotion? | Hind |
| Which primates walk upright on two legs all the time? | Humans |
| Can other primates walk upright on two legs? | Yes for short distances |
| Primates have brains that allow what characteristics? | Better vision, memory, coordination of body movements, problem-solving abilities, well-developed social behaviors such as grooming and communication. |
| Do primates have more or less offspring than other animals? | Less |
| Do primates have a longer or shorter pregnancy compared to other animals? | Longer |
| Do primates rely on their mothers for a longer or shorter period of time compared to other animals? | Longer |
| Why do primates rely on their mothers for a longer period of time? | To allow time to learn social interactions |
| What has led to many primates being endangered? | Low reproductive rate, loss of habitat, and human predation |
| 31. How many different species of primates are there? | Over 200 |
| What are arboreal primates? | Tree-dwellers |
| What are terrestrial primates? | Live on the ground |
| Primates are divided into two subgroups based on what three features? | Noses, teeth, and eyes |
| “Wet-nosed primates” like the lemur belong to which primate subgroup? | Strepsirrhines (rhine means nose) |
| “Dry-nosed primates” belong to which primate subgroup? | Haplorhines |
| What is the name of the large group of haplorhines that are large-brained, diurnal monkeys and hominoids? | Anthropoids (Hominoids are gibbons, organutans, gorillas, chimps, humans) |
| Which subgroup of primates have large eyes and ears? | Strepsirrhines |
| Most strepsirrhines are found on what island? | Madagascar |
| Tarsiers, monkeys, and apes belong to which primate subgroup? | Haplorhines |
| Tarsiers, monkeys, and apes belong to which primate subgroup? | gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans |
| Where are “New World” monkeys found? | Americas |
| Where are “Old World” monkeys found? | Africa, Asia, and Europe |
| What is the difference between lesser apes and greater apes? | Size (lesser apes like the gibbons are smaller than greater apes like the orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees |
| What is a hominin (homonid)? | Homo species (intelligent, bipedal humans) |
| What does the name Homo sapiens mean? | Wise Man |
| What was the name of the ship that Charles Darwin traveled on when he made observations that lead to the development of his theory of evolution? | HMS Beagle |
| In what year did Charles Darwin embark on his journey? | 1831 |
| What was the primary mission of Darwin’s trip? | To survey the coast of South America |
| What was Darwin’s role on the ship? | Naturalist and companion to the captain |
| What was Darwin’s job on the trip? | To collect biological and geographical specimens |
| Where did Darwin go to college? | Christ’s College in Cambridge |
| What was Darwin’s college degree in? | theology |
| What had Darwin studied in addition to theology? | Medicine and sciences |
| How long was Darwin’s trip? | 5 years |
| What did Darwin collect on the trip? | Rocks, fossils, plants, and animals |
| What was the name of the book (and the author) had Darwin read that proposed that the Earth was millions of years old? | Principles of Geology (Charles Lyell) |
| What was the name of the islands off the coast of South America where Darwin observed differences in the specimens from island to island? | Galapagos |
| Which type of bird did Darwin collect different species of on each of the islands? | Finches |
| The birds on the Galapagos islands were similar to ones on the continent of... | South America |
| Darwin believed that the finches on the Galapagos islands had come from South America and had gradually _____yet he could not explain how this occurred. | Changed |
| Darwin began studying which birds that people were breeding? | Pigeons |
| The process of direct breeding to produce offspring with desired traits is called _________ by breeder and _______ by Darwin. | Selective breeding ;Artificial breeding |
| Besides pigeons, what are some other organisms that humans have selective bred? | Dogs, crops, cats |
| Darwin believed that if humans could change species by artificial selection then maybe this could occur in ______. | Nature |
| Who was the economist whose work Darwin read that suggested that if the human population continued to grow it would one day have to compete for food? | Thomas Malthus |
| Darwin hypothesized that organisms in nature might need to compete and those with the best traits for survival would survive and pass these traits to their offspring. This theory was called ___________________ | Natural Selection |
| Individuals in a population show differences or ____________. | Variations |
| These variations are __________ or passed from parents to offspring. | inherited |
| Organisms have _______ offspring than can survive. | more |
| Variations that increase _________ success will have a greater chance of being passed on to the offspring than those variations that do NOT increase reproductive success. | reproductive |
| In what year did Darwin probably have his theory of evolution by natural selection? | 1840 |
| It took Darwin several years to write several volumes of books about his idea. In the meantime, who proposed the same theory as Darwin in 1858? | Alfred Wallace |
| Darwin condensed his work into one book called ___________. | On the Origin of the Species by Natural Selection |
| How many time did Darwin use the term “evolution” in his book? | once |
| Evolution refers to cumulative ______ in groups of organisms over time. | changes |
| Natural selection is the _________ (way) in which evolution occurs. | mechanism |
| Evolution is a _________ which is an explanation for a natural phenomenon based on observations. | theory |
| The theory of evolution states that all organisms on Earth descended from a...... | common ancestor |
| What is a record of species that lived long ago & is the most significant evidence of evolution? | fossils |
| Name an organism that has remained unchanged for millions of years: | horseshoe crab |
| Darwin suggested that the fossil record would one day show ____species (Darwin suggested that the fossil record would one day show __transitional __species (one between the ancient species and the current species) with characteristics of both. | transitional |
| What is the name of the first bird that still have characteristics of dinosaurs? | Archaeopteryx |
| What are two types of traits that scientists consider in studying transitional fossils: | derived & ancestral |
| Which type of traits are newly evolved features that do not appear in the ancestral fossils? | Derived |
| Which type of traits are primitive features that do appear in the ancestral fossils? | Ancestral |
| Name some modern animals for which transitional fossils have been found: | mollusks, horses, whales, humans |
| Anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor are called ________ structures. | homologous |
| Bird wings and reptile limbs are _________ structures. They have a similar structure but different functions (bats fly, reptiles walk). | homologous |
| Structures that are reduced forms of functional structures are called _________ structures. | vestigial |
| Vestigial structures no longer have a _________in the species and become smaller over time until they are lost. | function |
| Name some vestigial structures: | snake pelvis, kiwi wings, human appendix |
| Structures that are used for the same purpose (function) but are not structurally similar are called __________ structures. | analogous |
| Give an example of analogous structures: . | wings of eagle and wings of dragonfly (both used to fly but dragonfly wings do not have bones like eagle wings do). |
| How do analogous structures support evolution? | They show that functional similar features can evolve independently in similar environments. |
| An early, pre-birth state of an organism’s development is called an | embryo |
| All vertebrate embryos have what two structures: | tail and pharyngeal pouches |
| In fish, pharyngeal pouches become | gills |
| In reptiles, birds, and mammals, pharyngeal pouches become | ears, jaws, and throats. |
| Do human embryos have a tail? | Yes, it is called a postanal tail. It disappears by birth. However, some human babies are born with a postanal tail. It is wrapped with string so that it does not develop further and falls off |
| Comparative biochemistry involves scientists studying complex _________ molecules that different organisms share. | metabolic |
| What enzyme that is essential for respiration is found in several species including pigs, monkeys, and humans? | Cytochrome |
| According to the table, what two organisms have least number of differences between the amino acid sequences of cytochrome c? | humans and monkeys |
| The study of the distribution of plants and animals around the world is called | biogeography |
| List the five categories that offer evidence of evolution: | fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, comparative biochemistry, and geographic distribution. |
| A trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism’s reproductive success is called an | Adaptation |
| A measure of the relative contribution that an individual trait makes to the next generation is called | fitness |
| The better an organism is ____ to its environment, thegreater are its chances of survival and reproductive success | adapted |
| A morphological adaptation that allows an organism to blend in with the environment is called ________. (Morph means form or structure). | camouflage |
| Organisms that have camouflage traits can escape ___________ to survive and reproduce. | predators |
| A morphological adaptation in which one species evolves to resemble another species is called _______. | mimicry |
| An example of mimicry is when a harmless species has evolved to resemble a ________ species so that predators will avoid it. | harmful |
| Antimicrobial resistance occurs when species of bacteria that were originally killed by an _________ have developed (evolved) drug resistance (the drug no longer kills it). | Antibiotic |
| A unavoidable consequence of a prior evolutionary change is called a spandrel | spandrel |
| What is the name of the principle that was developed in 1908 by two men that states that when the allelic frequencies are constant, a population is in genetic equilibrium? | Hardy-Weinberg principle |
| In order for a population to be in genetic equilibrium according to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle, five conditions must be met: | no genetic drift, no gene flow, no mutations, mating must be random and no natural selection. |
| These five conditions are known as the mechanisms for evolutionary | change |
| Any change in the allele frequency in a population is called | genetic drift |
| What form of genetic drift occurs when a small sample of a population is separated from the rest of the population? | founder effect |
| Give an example of the founder effect in humans: | Amish and Mennonite communities rarely marry outside of their group. |
| What form of genetic drift occurs when a population declines to a low level and then rebounds? | bottleneck |
| Give an example of an organism that might have experienced a bottleneck genetic drift that has endangered them? | cheetah |
| What occurs (in reference to genes) as people move from place to place (migrate)? | Gene flow |
| What occurs (in reference to genes) as people move from place to place (migrate)? | immigration |
| Organisms moving out of an area is | emigration |
| Gene flow by migration ______ genetic variation within a population and _______ genetic variation between populations. More variation leads to more choices and more change. | increases;decreases |
| It is rare that all five conditions of genetic equilibrium are met – therefore, populations are rarely in genetic equilibrium -there are differences which can be selected for or against. This selection is called __________ selection. | natural |
| Which type is the most common and involves eliminating the extremes of a trait? | stabilizing |
| Which type involves selecting one of the extreme forms of the trait? | directional |
| Which type involves selecting both of the extreme forms? | distruptive |
| Which type involves the ability to attract a mate? | sexual |
| List five conditions that violate the Hardy-Weinburg principle and are the mechanisms for evolution: | genetic drift, gene flow, nonrandom mating, mutations, and natural selection. |
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