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Biology EOY rev
Diet and Digestion, Reproduction, Microorganisms, Animals Adaption & Skills
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does a balanced diet consist of? (6) | Carbs, fat, protein, fiber, vitamins and minerals |
| What is the role of carbohydrates in your body? (2 groups) | - Contains starch: which has slowly released energy - Contains sugar: which has quickly released energy |
| What is the role of fats in your body? (2) | - It insulates, protects and stores energy - It makes cell membrane |
| What is the role of proteins in your body? | - for growth and repair of bones and tissue |
| What is the role of fiber in your body? (2) | - it aids movement of food through the digestive system - it prevents constipation |
| What is the role of vitamins in your body? (2 examples) | - Vit C: strengthens the immune system - Vit D: strengthens bone and teeth |
| What is the role of minerals in your body? (2 examples) | - Iron: produces red blood cells - Calcium: strengthens bones |
| Label the digestive system (11) | mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, liver, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus and appendix |
| What is the function of the mouth? (2) | . Digestion starts here . It breaks down food into a more easily digestible form |
| What is the function of the salivary glands? | . It produces saliva which contains enzymes which break down carbohydrates |
| What is the function of the oesophagus? | . It transports food and fluid from the mouth to the stomach |
| What is the function of the liver? (3) | . The liver produces bile which is a digestive enzyme, aiding the digestion of fat . It eliminates toxins from the body . It processes food molecules that have been absorbed |
| What is the function of the stomach? (2) | . It stores and collects food . It secretes gastric juice which digests and breaks down proteins into amino acids which can be absorbed in the small intestine |
| What is the function of the pancreas? | . it is a gland which produces different enzymes that help break down food |
| What is the function of the small intestine? (4) | . It is a long tube that churns and mixes food into chyme . It also transports food to the colon . It absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream . Bile is secreted which breaks down lipids |
| What is the function of the large intestine? (2) | . A long tube where water from undigested food is absorbed . Turns food waste into excretable mass |
| What is the function of the rectum? | . It is a temporary storage site for fecal matter |
| What is the function of the anus? (2) | . It consists of pelvic floor muscles to detect if excretion is a liquid, gas or solid . They control when stool should be excreted from your body |
| What is the function of the appendix? | . It produces and protects good germs for the gut |
| What happens to food molecules during the process of digestion? | Before enzymes: food molecules are too large to pass through the wall in the small intestine to the blood stream After enzymes: food molecules get broken down by enzymes and are small enough to fit through the wall to the blood stream |
| What is the process of peristalsis? | Contractions and relaxations of muscles of the intestines creating wave-like movements that push canal contents forwards |
| What is the process of absorption in the small intestine? (4) | 1. Enzymes break down food 2. Molecules travel to a villi which has microvilli (projections) on its surface to increase the surface area. 3. They pass through a thin wall to reach the rich blood supply to absorb the food molecules |
| What does the term 'enzyme' mean | they are biological catalysts which speed up the break down of molecules |
| Why is digestion of large food molecules necessary for absorption across the intestinal wall? | Because if they are not digested, they are too large to fit through the intestine wall into the bloodstream. When digested, they split into smaller molecules and can fit through the wall. |
| What are the main changes that happen to males during puberty? (4) | - Voice deepens - Pubic hair growth - Genital development - Growth spurt |
| What are the main changes that happen to females during puberty? (4) | - Breast development - Pubic hair growth - Menstruation - Growth spurt |
| What is the function of the vagina? | The penis is inserted here |
| What is the function of the cervix? | The muscular opening of the uterus |
| What is the function of the uterus? | The embryo grows here |
| What is the function of the fallopian tube? | Site of fertilization [egg meets sperm] |
| What is the function of the ovaries? | produces egg |
| What are the main events of the menstrual cycle? (4) | 1. Uterus lining breaks down, menstruation occurs (day 1-5) 2. Egg develops in ovary, uterus lining thickens again (day 6-10) 3. Ovulation occurs, lining thickens (day 11-18) 4. Uterus lining continues to thicken and develop (day 19-28) |
| What is the function of the penis? | Inserted into vagina |
| What is the function of the urethra? | Urine or sperm is excreted from here |
| What is the function of the sperm duct? | It transfers the sperm from the testes to the penis |
| What is the function of the testes? | They produce sperm |
| What is the process of sexual intercourse? (4) | 1. Every 28 days an egg is released from the ovary 2. During intercourse, sperm is ejaculated into the vagina 3. Sperm travels into the fallopian tube and meets the egg 4. One sperm will implant in the egg |
| How does fertilization occur in humans? | When a male's sperm combines with a female's egg to form a single cell and grow into an embryo. |
| What are features of FUNGI? (5) | - cell wall made of chitin - largest microorganisms - some are single celled - some form hyphae - some are harmful, most are not |
| What are the features of BACTERIA? (4) | - larger than virus, smaller than fungi - has MRS GREN processes - single celled - not all are harmful |
| What are the features of a VIRUS? (5) | - smallest microorganism - only reproduce using 'host cells' - can't do MRS GREN on their own - all harmful - simple protein + DNA structure |
| Give an example of a Fungi | yeast |
| Give an example of a Bacteria | cholera |
| Give an example of a Virus | COVID |
| What is a pathogen? | A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause a disease |
| What are some adaptations animals have to survive high temperatures? (4) | - Fur: traps heat, water will not make them cold, insulating - Layers of blubber: stores energy, thick layers protect from cold - Small ears: Less surface area for getting cold - Large round shape: Protect internal organs |
| What are some adaptations animals have to survive low temperatures? (3) | - Long ears: spreads heat over whole body equally, cooler - Light coloured: reflect light and camouflage - Long, thin bodies: not cold at night, protect against sand |
| How does surface area to volume ratio affect loss of body heat? | Heat is produced in the body and lost through surface. - Increasing the volume of the body means more heat is produced - Increasing surface area means more heat is lost |
| Give examples of animals where surface area to volume ratio affects loss of body heat | . FOX - long ears, long tail, smaller body . PENGUIN - large, rounded body volume, no protruding parts |
| What is anatomical adaptation? | features of an organism that increases its chances of survival e.g. surface area, camouflage |
| What is physiological adaptation? | internal adaptation of an organism to cope with its environment e.g. cold-blooded, produce venom |
| What is Behavioral adaptation? | a behavior, or choice and organism has made to help it survive e.g. nocturnal |
| How does the structure of bones in animals differ to those of humans? (4) | SKULL - has a upper and lower (mandible) jaw |
| What are the features in herbivores teeth? (4) | - flatter incisors - large, ridged molars for grinding - small or no canines - horny pad (sharp teeth on bottom to cut grass against upper jaw |
| What are the features in carnivores teeth? (4) | - large sharp canines for chewing meat - carnassials (sharp premolars) - Small, sharp molars - Strong jaws to hold prey |
| What is the control variable in an investigation? | something that is kept the same or held constant |
| What is the independent variable in an investigation? | the variable that is altered during a scientific experiment |
| What is the dependent variable in an investigation? | the variable being tested or measured during a scientific experiment |
| What is a hypothesis in an investigation? | a prediction made with limited evidence at the start of an investigation |
| What is a method in an investigation? | a method is planned so that a prediction is tested. a method produces accurate and reliable results |
| What is a risk assessment in an investigation? | a careful examination of what could cause harm to people during a scientific investigation |
| What are the steps of planning an investigation? (6) | 1. Naming the variables 2. Making a hypothesis 3. Make a table of results 4. Create a risk assessment 5. Make a table of results 6. Evaluate the results |
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sara-s xxx
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