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Protists (Book)
BIO Lab Exam #3 (Pgs 307-310)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did the first eukaryote evolve from? | Prokaryotes |
| Protist | Includes all eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants |
| What are most protists? | Unicellular |
| How do autotrophs produce their food? | Photosynthesis |
| What category does photosynthetic protists belong in? | Algae (singular, alga) |
| What can protistan algae be? | Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular |
| How do heterotrophs obtain food? | Through eating other organisms, bacteria or other protists, some fungus-like and obtain organic molecules by absorption |
| Parasite | derives its nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction |
| What is an example of a parasite? | Parasitic trypanosomes shown among human red blood cells |
| What are mixotrophs? | Capable of photosynthesis and heterotrophy |
| What is an example of a mixotroph? | Euglena, a common inhabitant of pond water, can change its mode of nutrition, depending on availability of light and nutrients |
| Symbionts | Reside in the bodies of various host |
| How might symbiosis with an oxygen-using prokaryote benefit the prokaryotic host cell? | The host would benefit if its symbiont used oxygen to release large amounts of energy in the form of ATP from organic molecules (the role of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells) |
| Protozoans | Protists that live primarily by ingesting food |
| What environments to protozoans thrive in? | Aquatic environments |
| What do protozoans eat? | They eat bacteria or other protozoans, and some can absorb nutrients dissolved in the water |
| Flagellates | Protozoans that move by means of one or more flagella |
| What is an example of a flagellate? | Giardia, a common waterborne parasite that causes severe diarrhea |
| Amoebas | characterized by great flexibility in their body shape and the absence of permanent organelles for locomotion |
| Pseudopodia | Temporary extensions of the cell |
| Forams | Single-celled pseudopodia |
| Apicomplexans | Parasitic and some cause human diseases |
| Ciliates | protozoans named for their hairlike structures (cilia), which provides movement of the protist and sweep food into the protist's "mouth" |
| What are ciliates? | Nonparasitic and include both heterotrophs and mixotrophs |
| What three modes of locomotion occur among protozoans | Flagella pseudopodia, and cilia |
| Slime molds | Multicellular protists related to amoebas |
| What do slime molds eat? | Dead plant material |
| Plasmodial slime molds | Feeds as an amoeboid mass (plasmodium) that extends pseudopodia among the leaf litter and other decaying material on the forest floor |
| What is an example of structure and function of plasmodium? | The weblike form that enlarges the organism's surface area, increasing its contact with food, water, and oxygen |
| Plasmodium | A single-celled organism with many nuclei. The cytoplasm is not divided by plasma membranes |
| Cellular slime molds feeding stage | consists of solitary amoeboid cells that function independently of each other rather than a plasmodium |
| What happens when a cellular slime mold has a short supply of food? | The amoeboid cells swarm together to form a single unit, a slug like colony that wanders around. Some cells dry up and form a stalk reproductive structure that develops spores |
| Algae protists and cyanobacteria food chain | Photosynthesis supports food chains in freshwater and marine ecosystems |
| Phytoplankton | Photosynthetic organisms that drift near the surface of ponds, lakes, and oceans |
| What are many unicellular algae components of? | Phytoplankton |
| Dinoflagellate | species has a characteristic shape reinforced by external plates made of cellulose |
| What is an example of dinoflagellate? | Toxins, known as a red-tide, kills fish and poisons humans |
| Diatoms | Glassy cell walls containing silica, the mineral used to make glass |
| How does diatoms store their food? | Food reserves in the form of an oil that provides buoyancy, keeping them floating as plankton near the sunlit surface |
| Green algae | Green unicellular algae that flourishes in most freshwater lakes and ponds, as well as any home pools and aquariums |
| What is an example of green algal group? | Volvox colony is a hollow ball of flagellated cells that are very similar to certain unicellular green algae |
| Seaweed | Multicellular marine algae |
| What are the cell walls made of in seaweed? | Slimy and rubbery substances that cushions their bodies against the agitation of the waves |
| What is the closest relative to seaweeds? | Unicellular algae, making seaweed a protist |
| What are the three types of seaweed? | Green algae, red algae, and brown algae (known as kelp) |
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