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Taxonomy of Plants
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a leaf? | A photosynthetic organ, which is often flattened, has lots of chloroplasts, and can be used as an ID feature in taxonomy. |
| Why are leaves usually flat? | They can act efficiently – since they’re flat, chloroplasts don’t shade each other and so none of them just sit around. |
| Define “petiole”. | The slender stalk that births leaves and branches, full of stem cells. |
| Define “stem”. | The ascending axis of a plant, whether above or below ground, which ordinarily grows in an opposite direction to the root or descending axis – supports fruit, flower, or leaf. |
| Define “bud”. | A small axillary or terminal protuberance on a plant, containing rudimentary foliage (leaf bud), the rudimentary inflorescence (flower bud), or both (mixed bud). |
| What does an overwintered branch look like? | Buds growing over leaf scars. |
| Describe an alternate leaf arrangement. | Leaves grow one above the other, one leaf per node, usually in a spiral arrangement. |
| Describe an opposite leaf arrangement. | Leaves grow across from one another, two per node, about 180 degrees from each other. |
| Define “decussate.” | Opposite leaves at a right angle to a preceding pair. |
| Describe whorled, radiate, or verticillate leaf arrangement. | Three or more leaves or other structures per node. |
| What is a simple leaf? | Not divided into leaflets, but can be lobed or serrate. |
| What is a compound leaf? | A leaf composed of a number of leaflets on a common stalk (rachis). Look for petiole to see if your leaf is simple or unfurling into a leaflet. |
| What does pinnately compound mean? | Divided into leaflets in a compound way. |
| What is trifoliate? | Divided into three leaflets. |
| Define “pinnate”. | Having leaflets or primary divisions arranged on each side of a common stalk. |
| What is twice-pinnate? | If the rachis itself branches. |
| Define “palmate.” | Having four or more lobes or leaflets radiating from a single point, like the palm of a hand. |
| Define “blade.” | Expanded part of a leaf. |
| Define “rachis.” | On a compound leaf, the axis bearing leaflets. |
| Define “midrib.” | The central vein of a leaf, usually thicker than the rest of the leaf. |
| Define “venation.” The arrangements of veins in a leaf. | |
| What is “pinnate” venation? | Featherlike, branching on either side of a midrib. |
| What is “palmate” venation? | Divided in a handlike way (fanlike). |
| What is “parallel” venation? | Running parallel to and equidistant from each other from base to tip; common in monocots. |
| Define “stipule”. | A basal, leaf-like appendage of a petiole. |
| What is an entire edge? | Edge is smooth. |
| What is a serrate edge? | Edge is saw-toothed; teeth point toward leaf tip. |
| What is an undulate edge? | Edge is wavy. |
| What is a serrulate edge? | Minutely serrate. |
| What is a doubly serrate edge? | Sawtoothed, with teeth in sets of two. |
| What is a dentate edge? | With sharp, spreading rather course indentations or teeth that are more or less perpendicular to the edge of the leaf. |
| What is a crenate edge? | Scalloped. |
| What is a lobed edge? | Divided about halfway from edge to base or from edge to midrib (pinnately or palmately). |
| What is a parted edge? | Divided nearly to the leaf base or to the midrib. |
| What does a cordiform leaf look like? | Heart-shaped, especially at the base. |
| What does an acicular leaf look like? | Needle-shaped. |
| What does a subulate leaf look like? | Awl-shaped – narrowly tapering from base to apex. |
| What does a linear leaf look like? | Long and narrow, with sides more or less parallel. Length > 12x width. |
| What does an oblong leaf look like? | Longer than broad, with sides more or less parallel. Length is 2-6x width. |
| What does a lanceolate leaf look like? | Lance-shaped, widening above base and tapering to apex. Length 3-6x greatest width. |
| What does an ovate leaf look like? | Shaped like an egg, broader below the middle. Length 1.5-2x greatest width. |
| What does an oblanceolate leaf look like? | Reverse of lanceolate, with leaf broadest in the distal 1/3 and tapering to base. |
| What does an obovate leaf look like? | Reverse of ovate: terminal half broader than base. |
| What does an orbicular leaf look like? | Circular. |
| What does a reniform leaf look like? | Kidney-shaped (esp. at base of leaf). |
| What does a sagittate leaf look like? | Like an arrowhead, with basal lobes pointing down to the stalk. |
| What does a deltoid leaf look like? | Triangular. |
| Who organized a binomial system for naming plants? | Linnaeus. |
| Since taxonomy is a science, what are the two things it must have? | A body of knowledge and the processes by which the body of knowledge is developed and modified. |
| How are plants variable, and due to what kinds of things? | In their appearance and behavior, due to inheritance and their responsiveness to changes in their environment. |
| What are four activities that characterize taxonomy? | Naming, describing, classifying, and identifying. |
| What do “taxo” and “nomy” mean? | Taxo=arrange, arrangement, nomy=science of. |
| What are the six observable types of evidence in taxonomy? | 1) Morphology (external, ex. leaf shape), 2) anatomy (when you cut into plant), 3) cytology (cellular features, ex. chloroplasts), 4) chemistry, 5) repro bio (relats with pollinators=weird parts), 6) ecol features (tolerance to unusual soil types). |
| What are some problems with using evidence? | Seasonal availability, some features that are striking may be due to only a few genetic differences, some common features may be due to common ancestry or to convergence (similar response to env. stress). |
| What are some uses for plant taxonomy? | Medicinal (ID plants correctly), agricultural and horticultural (know what you’re planting, how it grows), environmental (indicative of env conditions), scientific (it’s fun, curiosity). |
| What are the parts of the binomial naming? Use Linnaea borealis L. | Linnaea=genus, borealis=specific epithet, whole thing is species. L means that Linnaeus named it. |
| What does the creation of heirarchies help us to do? | Sort, try to express something about the degree or relatedness. |
| Describe the current commonly-used system for sorting plants. | Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, variety. |
| What is a common ending for phylum? | Phyta. |
| What is a common ending for class? | Opsida. |
| What is a common ending for order? | Ales. |
| What is a common ending for family? | Aceae. |
| What book established binomial nomenclature? | Linnaeus’s Species Plantatum in 1753. |
| What part of the binomial system can be shared by two species with nothing physically similar? | The specific epithet, ex. Pseudotsuga menzesii and Nemophila menzesii. |
| Tell me more about the name Pinus contorta Dougl. | Pinus is from the old Latin. Contorta refers to the shape of the plant when it grows in coastal high winds. Dougl. is the person who named the plant. Common names: black pine, scrub pine, coast pine. |
| Tell me more about the name Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sargent. | Tsuga is the Japanese name for the plant. Heterophylla means varied (hetero) leaf (phylla) and refers to the leaf length. Rafinesque-Schmaltz first described it in 1832 as part of genus Abies, Sargent moved species to dif genus in 1898. |
| Tell me more about the name Nemophila parviflora Dougl. ex Benth. | Nemophila means grove-loving, parviflora means small flowers, and Douglas suggested the name but didn’t publish it, and Bentham referenced him when he published it. |
| What is a gametophyte? | The gamete-producing phase in a plant characterized by alternation of generations |
| What is a sporophyte? | the form of a plant in the alternation of generations that produces asexual spores |
| What does gymnosperm mean? | “Naked seed” – ovule containing female gamete is exposed to environment at time of pollination. |
| What does angiosperm mean? | “Enclosed seed” – ovule that contains female gamete is enclosed continuously. |
| What are the main differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms? | Gym- naked seed, simple vascular structure, slower-conducting, smaller variety of cell types & sizes, less risky with respect to water stress. Ang- enclosed seed, complex vasc, fast-conducting, greater veriety, riskier (water). |
| What do angiosperms and gymnosperms have in common? | Specialized food, water, mineral conducting cells, sporophyte is the largest mass in life cycle, dependent gametophyte, small gametophytes. |
| What is a dependent gametophyte? | Smaller and held on only by sporophyte. |
| How many gametophytes do angiosperms and gymnosperms have? | Gym= male, 4-8 cells, female, 1,000-2,000 cells. Ang= male 2-3 cells, female 8 cells. |
| What is pollen? | The transferable male gametophyte. It can become a male gamete once it lands and germinates. |
| How old might gymnosperms be? | Fossil records indicate 360 million years. |
| How old might angiosperms be? | Fossil records indicate about 200 million years. |
| How many species of gymnosperms are there? | 1,000. |
| Where can gymnosperms grow? | Temperate climate, like conifer forests, or tropical places, the cycads. |
| What zone is the Seattle area? | The Tsuga heterophylla zone. |
| How many genus and species are there of cycads? | 9 genus, 80-100 species. |
| When cycad leaves are shed, does it leave a permanent scar? | Yes. |
| Describe the leaves of a cycad. | Large, pinnately compound, tough, leathery, sunken stomata to reduce water loss. |
| Define “extant.” | Still alive on earth. |
| Describe gingkos. | 1 extant genus and species: Gingko biloba. 2 lobed leaves, dichotomous branching vein pattern, deciduous, 1st described in fossils, found in Japan and China late 1600-1700. Most plants grown are male, females are stinky. Good street trees; are tough. |
| Describe pinophyta. | Leaves needle-like, linear OR small and scale-like. Drought-tolerant. Ovules exposed to env at time of germination. Wind-pollinated. |
| What is the preferred pollination method for genetic variety in offspring? | Outcrossing, or open-pollination. Ensured by separate sex plants. |
| If male and female seeds are on one plant, what are some ways in which the plant ensures genetic variety? | Pollen released earlier than when ovules ripen, pollen and ovules produced in different parts of the plant. |
| Who did studies of gymnosperm pollination in wind tunnels? | Niklas. |
| What is resin? | Variety of fungi- and bacteria-resistant organic compounds that can help seal up wounds. Have an anti-herbivore taste. |
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