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Reproduction
And Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| MITOSIS: definition | The process by which ONE parent cell divides to make TWO genetically IDENTICAL daughter cells. ALL body cells divide through MITOSIS Also a way of ASEXUAL reproduction! |
| MITOSIS STARTS with __________________ and ENDS with _______________ | STARTS with DIPLOID number (2N) and ENDS with DIPLOID number (2N) |
| During Mitosis, what happens during the following phases of Interphase? G1 phase S phase G2 phase | G1: growth --normal life processes happen S: (synthesis) DNA replication happens (MAKES COPIES OF chromosomes) G2: preparation for mitosis (cell division) |
| What is the difference between: chromatin, chromatids and chromosomes? | Chromatin: tangled up DNA in the nucleus of the cell Chromatids: one of two identical “sister” parts of a double stranded chromosome Chromosomes: threadlike structures made of DNA that contain genes |
| Where is the centromere found? | It is found at the middle the chromosome & it connects sister chromatids |
| What is cytokinesis? How is it different between plant and animal cells? | the division (splitting up) of the cytoplasm plants: because of its cell wall, plants form a cell plate to help the cell split animals: a cleavage furrow forms & cytoplasm divides and new membrane surrounds a new cell |
| Define the following forms of asexual reproduction: --Binary Fission --Budding --Regeneration | Binary fission: the nucleus and cytoplasm divide equally Budding: the nucleus divides equally but the cytoplasm does not divide equally Regeneration: cell is able to grow back and original function is restored |
| Define/Explain the following: Types of Vegetative Propagation: --Bulbs --Grafting | Bulbs: grows roots so that new cells can be produced Grafting: when you take part of the plant and place it in the root or stem - they form together to make new cells |
| Define/Explain the following: Types of Vegetative Propagation: --Tubers --Cuttings | Tubers: underground stems with buds Cuttings: stem or leaf that is placed in the soil and a complete plant develops from it |
| What is the end result of mitosis? | two identical daughter cells (with the DIPLOID NUMBER-2N) |
| What is meiosis used for? | making SEX cells (or making gametes) |
| Gametes | sex cells egg-female sperm-male |
| Does MEIOSIS go through a G1, S, and G2 phase like mitosis? | YES-but ONLY one time-before MEIOSIS I (ONE) happens DNA only copies itself one time! |
| Why is meiosis I (ONE) often called reduction division? | because it ends with cells that have the haploid number (HALF) of chromosomes as the parent cell. |
| Define the following during Prophase 1 of meiosis: Synapsis Tetrad | Synapsis: homologous pairs form tetrads Tetrad: Pairs of homologous chromosomes |
| Define the following during Prophase 1 of meiosis: --Homologous chromosomes --Crossing over | Homologous Chromosomes: two chromosomes that are similar in shape and size and have the same genetic information (they match with each other) Crossing Over: when chromosomes exchange genetic information |
| During anaphase 1 of meiosis, what is meant by disjunction? What happens if nondisjunction takes place? | Disjunction is when the tetrads separate Nondisjunction is when the homologous pairs do not or cannot separate. This causes an uneven amount of genetic information (too much or too little genetic information) |
| What is an example of a disorder that could happen from nondisjunction? | Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair |
| What are the male gonads and their function (job)? | testes -- produce gametes (sperm) |
| What are the female gonads and their function (job)? | ovaries --produce gametes (eggs) |
| What is the diploid number (2N) for a human? | 46 |
| What is the haploid number (N) for a human? | 23 |
| What sex is an individual who is XX? | female |
| What sex is an individual who is XY? | male |
| What sex chromosome will an egg cell always carry? | X |
| What sex chromosomes will a sperm cell carry? | X OR Y |
| How many functional egg cells are produced by the end of meiosis? | 1 functional egg (3 polar bodies that will NEVER be fertilized) |
| How many functional sperm cells are produced by the end of meiosis? | 4 functional sperm cells |
| Be familiar with the diagrams on our class notes of both male and female reproductive systems. | Refer to class notes (material) on human reproduction |
| Know the main structures and JOBS of the parts of the male reproductive system: Testes Scrotum Penis | Testes- produces sperm and testosterone (where MEIOSIS happens) Scrotum: holds the testes (outside of the body-)adaptation to keep sperm cool) Penis: delivers sperm (adaptation for INTERNAL fertilization) |
| Know the main structures and JOBS of the parts of the male reproductive system: Vas deferens Prostate gland Urethra | Vas Deferens: transports sperm prostate gland: produces fluid for semen urethra: releases sperm and urine (never at the same time!) |
| Know the main structures and JOBS of the parts of the female reproductive system: Ovary Fallopian Tube/ Oviduct | Ovary-produces egg cells (where MEIOSIS happens) , releases egg during ovulation, produces hormones (estrogen and progesterone) Fallopian Tube/Oviduct-receives egg after ovulation, fertilization happens here |
| Know the main structures and JOBS of the parts of the female reproductive system: Uterus Cervix Vagina | Uterus- embryo implants happens here, the fetus develops here Cervix: opening to uterus, must dilate (open) for a woman to give birth Vagina: sperm enters and baby exits here (birth canal), adaptation for internal fertilization |
| What is the JOB of the following in development of the fetus? placenta the amnion the umbilical cord | Placenta-the site of nutrient (food), gas, and waste exchange. Gives the baby what it needs to survive in the uterus The umbilical cord-connects the baby & placenta The amnion/amniotic fluid- fluid that surrounds/protects the baby in the uterus |
| What is ovulation? | ovulation is when the egg gets released from the ovary to the fallopian tubes/oviduct |
| Where does fertilization take place? | the fallopian tubes/oviduct |
| Where does implantation and development of the fetus take place? | In the uterus |
| What is the difference between fertilization and development? | -- fertilization: the union of egg and sperm to form a ZYGOTE -- development- the zygote growing and changing to become a fully formed organism (this happens during the gestation period) |
| What is internal fertilization and internal development? | Internal fertilization-the egg is fertilized inside of the female's body (ex: humans & dogs) internal development - the fetus develops inside of the female's body (ex: humans & dogs) |
| What is external fertilization and external development? | external fertilization- egg is fertilized outside of the female's body (ex: fish) external development - the fetus develops outside of the female's body (ex:fish & birds ) |
| What are the evolutionary risks to external fertilization and development? | exposed to diseases predators not getting necessary nutrients wrong temperature/humidity (moisture) for development |
| What are the evolutionary risks to internal fertilization and development? | the fetus can be hurt if the mother is hurt the fetus is affected by what the mother eats and puts into her body (good and bad) |
| What are the benefits to internal fertilization and development? | baby has a watery environment protected from pathogens from the outside environment food and other nutrients, and necessary gasses are provided |
| Be able to read and recognize what a healthy human karyotype of a male and a female looks like. AND how to write the correct notation | typical female: 46, XX typical male: 46, XY |
| Be able to recognize certain chromosomal disorders: Down’s Syndrome Klinefelter's Syndrome Trisomy 13 | Down’s Syndrome (+21) : Notation: 47, XY (or XX), +21 Klinefelter's Syndrome (extra X chromosome) Notation: 47, XXY Trisomy 13 syndrome (+13) Notation: 47, XY (or XX), +13 |
| What is the job of the FLOWER for a plant? | It is reproductive structure -- for sexual reproduction in plants |
| Where are male gametes (sex cells) produced in a flower? | anther (meiosis happens here) |
| Where are female gametes (sex cells) produced in a flower? | ovary (meiosis happens here) |
| What does the plant ovary become? | the fruit |
| What does the plant zygote become? | the seed |
| What 2 female sex hormones are produced by ovaries? | estrogen and progesterone |
| What are the female hormones responsible for the menstrual cycle? | Estrogen Progesterone FSH (produced in pituitary gland) LH (produced in pituitary gland) |
| What is menopause? | the stopping of a woman's menstrual cycle |
Created by:
Mrs. Curcio
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