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ib bio sl topic 3
Genetics except meiosis stages (different deck)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Distinguish between gene, allele, and genome. [3] | Gene = heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic Allele = one specific form of a gene Genome = all genetic info of an organism |
| Define genome. [1] | The entire genetic information of an organism. |
| Define gene. [1] | A heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic in an organism. Located in a chromosome. |
| Define allele. [1] | A specific form of a gene , differing from others by a few bases. |
| Describe the relationship between number of genes and genome. [2] | The size of the genome in an organism doesn't depend on the number of genes an organism has. |
| Describe the Human Genome Project and its consequences. [4] | Human Genome Project = found all possible genomes in humans. 1400 loci responsible for genetic disease. Most of the genome doesn't code for proteins. Consist of areas that affect gene expression. Approx. 22000 sequences code for proteins. |
| Define gene mutation. [1] | Change in nucleotide sequence. |
| Identify the role of gene mutation in alleles. [1] | Gene mutation creates new alleles from old alleles. |
| Describe the causes and consequences of sickle cell anemia. [3] | Caused by change in a nucleotide (mutation) Causes congestion in the bloodstream Changes shape of red blood cells from round to half-moons |
| Describe prokaryote DNA. [4] | DNA not associated with proteins ('naked') Cell contains additional genetic material Cell contains circular chromosome (nucleoid) Cell contains a singular chromosome |
| Describe eukaryote DNA. [4] | Linear DNA molecules in nucleus No plasmids DNA associated with histone proteins Cell contains 2+ chromosome types |
| Compare and contrast between prokaryote and eukaryote DNA. [3] | Plasmids vs no plasmids Singular chromosome vs 2+ chromosomes No proteins vs histone proteins |
| Define haploid nucleus. [1] | Contains a chromosome per pair (sex cells/gametes) |
| Define diploid nucleus. [1] | Contains two copies of each chromosome pair |
| Define homologous chromosomes. [1] | A pair of chromosomes with same genes but not necessarily the same alleles of genes. (found in diploid organisms) |
| State how many chromosomes are found in human somatic cells. [1] | 46 |
| State how many chromosomes are found in human gametes. [1] | 23 |
| State the disease caused by three chromosomes 21. [1] | Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21 |
| Describe the purpose of a karyogram. [2] | Karyogram = image of total chromosomes in an organism Shows number and types of chromosomes |
| State the difference between male and female chromosomes. [1] | Male = XY Female = XX |
| Explain how meiosis promotes genetic variation. [3] | Crossing over = non-sister chromatids condense Random assortment = random orientation of pairs Sexual life cycle = fusion of gametes |
| Define nondisjunction and its role in genetic diseases. [2] | Nondisjunction = failure of homologous pairs to separate properly in meiosis When it occurs, there is uneven number of chromosomes which may cause genetic diseases (ie. Down Syndrome) |
| Define genotype. [1] | Alleles in an organism |
| Define phenotype. [1] | Characteristics of an organism |
| Contrast between dominant, recessive, and codominant alleles. [3] | Dominant = always has effect whether homozy or heterozy Recessive = only has effect on phenotype when homozy Codominant = pairs that can both affect phenotype when heterozy |
| Contrast between homozygous and heterozygous allele pairs. [2] | Homozy = having two identical alleles at a gene locus (tt or TT) Heterozy = having different alleles at a gene locus (Tt) |
| Define gene locus. [1] | Specific position of a gene in homologous chromosomes |
| State who made experiments regarding inheritance. [1] | Mendel |
| Describe which experiments Mendel performed regarding inheritance. [2] | Did studies on plant breeding. Involved inheritance of one characteristic. |
| State an example of codominance. [1] | ABO blood groups |
| Explain the use of pedigree charts. [2] | Shows how genetic traits are passed down through genetics Chart for genetic disease inheritance |
| Define sex linkage. [1] | Genetic characteristics influenced by sex chromosomes (X and Y) |
| Outline the process and function of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). [2] | Method that enlarges a small amount of DNA Denatures, anneals, and elongates DNA strand |
| State temperature of DNA denaturation | 94-96°C |
| State temperature of DNA annealing | -68°C |
| State temperature of DNA elongation | 72°C |
| Outline the process and function of gel electrophoresis. [2] | Used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins Fragments separated by size through gel and with electricity |
| Define genetic modification. [1] | Used to produce new varieties of organisms with useful desirable characteristics. |
| Outline two examples of the current uses of GMOs. [4] | Pigs - produce enzyme that makes them digest better for less pollution Herbicides - kills only weeds in crop fields, leaves crops unaffected |
| Outline a basic technique used for gene transfer involving plasmids. [2] | Insulin from E. Coli for diabetic patients |
| Outline natural methods of cloning. [2] | In vitro fertilization Budding (asexual reproduction) |
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reisuwa
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