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Finals Test
Quicky
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Codon | Blocks; Sequence of three bases in mRNA that encodes for one amino acid in the polypeptide chain |
| Codons encode for what? | one amino acid |
| AUG | start codon: amino acid methione |
| How many stop codons | three |
| tRNA | picks up amino acid on open end: three anticodons on closed end: allows tRNA to put the amino acid into the correct place in the polypeptide chain |
| mutation | change in the base sequence in DNA molecule; changes in sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain; change of function inthe resulting protein |
| Proteins are | end products of genes |
| Base substitutions (point mutations) can be: | Missense; Nonsense |
| Frameshift mutation | deletion or insertions of bases; result in nonfunctional protein; amino acids after the mutation are different from the original DNA |
| Frameshift mutation: what happens if a stop codon is inserted into the DNA sequence? | the resulting protein will be too short and non-functional |
| Missense | substitution of one amino acid by a different one. |
| Nonsense mutation | normal codon changes to a stop codon that signals the end of a polypeptide chain. The new chain is shorter that the normal chain. |
| Mutagens can be: | spontaneous (random) or induced |
| Mutagens that cause mutations can be: | chemical or radiation |
| radiation can be: | ionizing (gamma rays or X-rays); cause breakage in chromosomes; non-ionizing (ultraviolet); causing thymine dimers |
| Primers | short chains of DNA |
| Thermocycler | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
| Thermocycler steps | Denaturing; Priming; Extension |
| Denaturing | 94C; strands are separated; templates for second strand |
| PCR | Method of DNA amplification |
| Priming | 65C; primers are added |
| Extension | 72C; TAQ Polymerase; deoxyribonucleotides |
| Reverse Transcriptase | RNA making DNA |
| Ribozyme | enzyme of RNA; specifically acts on RNA; removes introns; splices remaining exons |
| All enzymes are made of globular proteins> | False; ribozymes are made of RNA |
| Complimentary DNA | cDNA; Eukaryotic; uses mature RNA to mke DNA without Introns. |
| Most important machine in molecular biology | Thermocycler |
| Bacterial cells do not have | machines to remove introns |
| Nonspecific Resistance | First line and second lines of defense |
| First line of defense: | Intact skin, mucous membranes and their secretions, normal microbiota |
| Second line of defense: | Phagocytic white blood cells, inflammation and fever, antimicrobial substances |
| Specific Resistance | Third line of defense |
| Third line of defense: | Specialized lymphocytes B and T cells. antibodies |
| Mechanical factors: | Skin, Langerhans cells, Mucous membranes, Lateral lacrimal glands. saliva, Mucous, epligottis, vaginal secretions, flow of urine |
| Langerhans cells in the epidermis... | assist lymphocyte B and T cells |
| what produces mucous? | goblet cells |
| Chemical factors: | sebum, skins acidity, tears , perspiration, gastric juices, pepsin, vaginal secretions, transferrins |
| lysozyme | important enzyme against G+ bacteria, also found in perspiration, functions like penicillin |
| Tears and saliva contain | lysozyme |
| transferrins | inhibit bacterial growth in the blood by lowering iron |
| bacterial enzyme that adds methyl (CH3) to nucleotide, making nucleotide no longer recognizable to ER | Methylase |
| Which WBC dominates during initial phase of infection? | neutrophils |
| Virulation | immunizing |
Created by:
Eureakofinfo
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