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BIO Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a scientific theory? | A concept that has been extensively tested and supported over time |
| Diversity of life on Earth is a result of what? | Evolution |
| The relationship of all life on Earth is explained by what? | The theory of evolution |
| What was thought regarding species prior to the understanding of evolution? | Species were unrelated and unchanging |
| What were Darwin's findings about populations and the natural world? | Populations overproduced, had limited resources, competition was a factor for all living things, and no two individuals were alike |
| What mechanism did Darwin say that drives evolution? | Natural selection |
| Do individuals evolve? | No (populations do) |
| What is adaptation? | The accumulation of favorable traits in a population over time |
| What is a population? | A group of individuals of the same species in the same place at the same time |
| Humans have modified various creatures and plants over time using selective breeding termed what? | Artificial selection |
| What types of evidence are available that help understand the evolution of species on Earth? | Fossils |
| What is a fossil? | Forms when a dead organism falls into accumulating sediment and are compressed into rock |
| How are fossils dated? | Radiometric dating |
| What are transitional forms? | Provide evidence of change within lineages |
| What is biogeography? | The study of the geographic distribution of species |
| What is comparative anatomy? | Comparisons of the body structure of modern organisms |
| What is DNA? | Genetic code |
| Does all life on Earth share some DNA? | Yes |
| Do species more closely related have more shared DNA as opposed to those less closely related? | Yes |
| What is the closest living relative to humans? | Chimpanzees |
| What is a gene pool? | All versions of all the genes carried by all the individuals in a population |
| What is a mutation? | Random changes to DNA that can create are genes |
| How does sexual selection benefit populations? | Helps remove harmful genetic mutations |
| What is microevolution? | A generation-to-generation change in the gene pool |
| What is meant by "fitness" of an individual when referring to Darwinian fitness? | The contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the nest generation in comparison to the contribution from other individuals |
| What are mechanisms of evolution other than natural selection? | genetic drift, bottle-neck/founder effect, gene flow, and sexual selection |
| What is macroevolution? | Genetic change on a larger scale |
| What is speciation? | The evolutionary formation of new species |
| What is non branching evolution? | A gradual change to a population |
| What is branching evolution? | A population split into two or more populations |
| How old is the oldest prokaryotic fossil? | 3.5 billion years old |
| How old is the oldest eukaryotic fossil? | 2.1 billion years old |
| When did the first appearance of anatomically modern humans arise? | 200,000 years ago |
| What are tectonic plates? | The Earth's crust that floats atop the mantle |
| What is a species? | A population that is capable of interbreeding to produce healthy, fertile offspring |
| What are reproductive barriers? | Behavioral isolation, mating time differences, habitat isolation, mechanical incompatibility, gametic incompatibility, and hybrid weakness |
| What is the graduated model? | A species that acquires small adaptations to its environment over millions of years |
| What is the punctuated equilibrium model? | Shows there are periods of stasis interrupted by occasional bursts of speciation |
| What is allopatric speciation? | Occurs when a physical barrier isolates populations |
| What is sympatric speciation? | Occurs with no geographic isolation |
| What is adaptive radiation? | Varied demands of new lifestyles lead to multiple speciation events originating from a single species |
| What is taxonomy? | The identification, naming, and classification of species |
| What is the taxonomic hierarchy? | An ordered series of progressively smaller categories |
| What is the order of classification? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Do Kids Prefer Candy Or Fresh Green Salad?) |
| How is a species' scientific name written? | Genus species (underlined) |
| How is a species' scientific name typed? | Genus species (italicized) |
| What is a phylogenetic tree? | Shows the evolutionary history of organisms |
| What is a clade? | Any group of species that consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants |
| What is cladistics? | They analysis of clades |
| What are some common misconceptions about evolution? | Individuals evolve, evolution explains the origin of life, organisms can evolve on purpose, and evolution is controversial among scientists |
| What is ecology? | The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment |
| What is environmentalism? | A broad philosophy and social movement that seeks to maintain environmental quality |
| What is an ecosystem? | All living organisms as well as nonliving factors |
| What two main processes does every ecosystem depend on? | Energy flow and chemical cycling |
| Generally, how are the two different? | Energy flows through a system, while chemical energy is cycled and used |
| What are some goods and services provided by ecosystems? | Food, clean water, clean air, timber, fiber, fuel, medicines, regulate the climate, protect against natural disasters, support biodiversity |
| What is an autotroph? | Producer |
| What is a heterotroph? | Consumer |
| What are the inputs and products of photosynthesis? | CO2+H2O+Sunlight --> Glucose+O2 |
| Where does photosynthesis occur in a cell? | Chloroplast |
| What spectrum of light do plants absorb during photosynthesis? | Red and blue light |
| How does carbon enter the living portion of an ecosystem? | Photosynthesis |
| What are biotic factors? | Living organisms of an ecosystem |
| What are abiotic factors? | Nonliving components of an ecosystem |
| What is population density? | The number of members of a species per unit area or volume of the habitat |
| What are the three dispersion patterns seen in nature? | Clumped, uniform, random |
| What can age structures of populations tell us? | Offers insight into social conditions |
| What is a survivorship curve? | Graphs the percentage of individuals alive over time |
| What can growth models show us? | Predict changes in population size |
| What two types of growth models are expected in nature? | Exponential and logistic growth |
| Which growth model is sustainable? | Logistic |
| What growth model best describes the current human population growth? | Exponential (it is NOT sustainable) |
| What determines the maximum population size that can survive in an environment? | Carrying capacity |
| What are the two broad categories of limiting factors? | Density-dependent and density-independent |
| What is a community? | All the populations of different species that live and interact in a particular area or ecosystem |
| What is the competitive exclusion principle? | If the resources required by two species are too similar, they cannot coexist |
| What is the trophies structure of a community? | Describes the feeding relationships within a community |
| What is a food chain? | A simplified description of one part of the trophic structure |
| What is a food web? | Interconnects multiple food chains |
| What is biological magnifications? | The tendency of toxins to become concentrated in a food chain |
| What is species richness? | The abundance of species in an area |
| What is relative abundance? | The proportion of individuals of a particular species in a community relative to the total number of individuals in the community |
| What is primary succession? | Occurs when an area has been rendered virtually lifeless with no soil |
| What is secondary succession? | Occurs after a disturbance kills much of the life in an area but leaves the soil intact |
| What is a keystone species? | A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance |
| What is an invasive species? | Non-native organisms that are introduced to a community and spread rapidly (often leading in the extinction of other species) |
| What is biological control when referring to pests or invasive species? | The intention release of a natural enemy |
| What is integrated pest management? | A method used that utilizes biological control, pest-resistant crops, judicious use of chemicals, and release of sterile pests |
| What is biodiversity? | A general term for the variety of living things on Earth |
| At what levels for biologists study diversity? | Genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecological diversity |
| What is a major problem with greatly reducing genetic variation in a population? | It makes a population less able to adapt to a changing environment |
| What is extinction? | The irreversible loss of all populations of a species |
| What is the greatest threat to biodiversity on Earth? | Habitat destruction |
| What are other causes of biodiversity loss? | Over-harvesting, invasive species, pollution, and climate change |
| What is causing global climate change? | The release of greenhouse gases |
| What is a biome? | A type of ecological community that occupies a particular zone |
| Freshwater biomes cover what percent of Earth and contain what percent of species? | Covers less than 1% and houses nearly 6% of species |
| What are primary producers? | Convert solar energy into chemical energy |
| What are primary consumers? | Herbivores that eat primary producers |
| What are secondary consumers? | Carnivores that eat primary consumers |
| What are tertiary consumers? | Top level predators |
| What are decomposers? | Organisms that break down non-living matter |
| What amount of energy is transferred from one trophic live to the next? | 10% |
| What is biomass? | The total amount of living material into an ecosystem |
| What is primary production? | Measures the rate at which solar energy is converted to biomass |
| Elements cycle through the biosphere and are contained where? | Various reservoirs (atmosphere, oceans, soils, and living organisms) |
| What are natural processes that remove carbon from the atmosphere? | Photosynthesis, oceans absorb carbon, and soil carbon sequestration |
| Which natural process release carbon into the atmosphere? | Respiration, volcanic eruptions, and wildfires |
| What has lead to the recent increase of carbon into the atmosphere? | Human activities |
| What is precipitation? | Transfers water from the atmosphere to the land |
| What is evaporation? | Molecules of a liquid gain enough energy to break their bond and become a gas |
| What is transpiration? | The process in which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through tiny openings on their leaves |
| What is an ecological footprint? | An estimate of the amount of land and water required to sustain one person |
| Is the U.S. ecological footprint sustainable? | No |
| What impacts have humans had on Earth's ecosystems? | Habitat destruction, freshwater shortages, and declining species |
| What is conservation biology? | A branch of biology that seeks to investigate and reverse the loss of biodiversity |
| What is restoration biology? | Uses ecological principles to help repair degraded areas |
| What are biodiversity hotspots? | Relatively small areas with unusually high concentrations of endemic species and endangered species |
| What is fragmentation? | The splitting of habitats that isolate small populations |
| What can be used to connect habitats? | Corridors |
| What is bioremediation? | The use of living organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems |
| What are greenhouse gases? | Airborne chemicals that capture and hold heat within Earth's atmosphere |
| What is the most common and biggest contributor to climate change? | The accumulation of greenhouse gases from human activity |
| What impacts can we see on ecosystems directly related to climate change? | Habitat change/loss and polar melting |
| What is sustainable development? | The goal to maintain productivity of Earth's ecosystems indefinitely |
Created by:
ahattaway
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