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1. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
a. are somatic motor neurons.
b. supply the voluntary skeletal muscles.
c. include the phrenic, sciatic, and brachial nerves.
d. innervate the viscera.
a. are somatic motor neurons.
b. supply the voluntary skeletal muscles.
c. include the phrenic, sciatic, and brachial nerves.
d. innervate the viscera.
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2. Which of the following is least true of the SNS?
a. fight-or-flight
b. Preganglionic fibers are cholinergic.
c. Postganglionic fibers are adrenergic.
d. The postganglionic receptor is muscarinic.
a. fight-or-flight
b. Preganglionic fibers are cholinergic.
c. Postganglionic fibers are adrenergic.
d. The postganglionic receptor is muscarinic.
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AnP Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves a. are somatic motor neurons. b. supply the voluntary skeletal muscles. c. include the phrenic, sciatic, and brachial nerves. d. innervate the viscera. | d. innervate the viscera. |
| 2. Which of the following is least true of the SNS? a. fight-or-flight b. Preganglionic fibers are cholinergic. c. Postganglionic fibers are adrenergic. d. The postganglionic receptor is muscarinic. | d. The postganglionic receptor is muscarinic. |
| 3. Which of the following is most descriptive of the PNS? a. fight-or-flight b. Preganglionic fibers are adrenergic. c. Postganglionic fibers are adrenergic. d. The postganglionic receptor is muscarinic. | d. The postganglionic receptor is muscarinic. |
| 4. Stimulation of the SNS causes the heart to beat stronger and faster. A drug that also causes the heart to beat stronger and faster is described as a. parasympatholytic. b. vagomimetic. c. sympathomimetic. d. sympatholytic. | c. sympathomimetic. |
| 5. Vasomotor tone is a. a vasoconstrictor effect caused by background firing of the sympathetic nerves. b. a vagally induced vasoconstriction. c. a response to activation of the muscarinic receptors on the blood vessels. d. caused by a beta-adrenergi | a. A vasoconstrictor effect caused by background firing of the sympathetic nerves. |
| 6. What is the clinical consequence of loss of vasomotor tone? a. urticaria and pruritus b. lethargy and jaundice c. severe decline in blood pressure and shock d. elevation in blood pressure and hemorrhage | c. Severe decline in blood pressure and shock. |
| 7. Paravertebral ganglia a. contain beta-adrenergic receptors that are activated by NE. b. are part of the craniosacral outflow. c. are located within the SNS. d. are located within the effector organs. | c. Are located within the SNS. |
| 8. Which of the following is least descriptive of the thoracolumbar outflow? a. fight-or-flight b. muscarinic and nicotinic receptors c. SNS d. paravertebral ganglia | b. Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. |
| 9. Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors are a. associated with the PNS. b. associated with craniosacral outflow. c. located on the paravertebral ganglia. d. activated by NE. | d. Activated by NE. |
| 10. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and NE; the effects of the hormones are best described as a. vagolytic. b. sympathomimetic. c. parasympathomimetic. d. sympatholytic. | b. Sympathomimetic. |
| 11. Which of the following fibers secretes NE? a. preganglionic sympathetic b. preganglionic parasympathetic c. postganglionic sympathetic d. postganglionic parasympathetic | c. Postganglionic sympathetic. |
| 12. Which of the following is least descriptive of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? a. enzyme that degrades NE b. found within all cholinergic fibers c. associated with sympathetic activity d. associated with adrenergic fibers | b. found within all cholinergic fibers |
| 13. A beta1-adrenergic agonist a. increases heart rate. b. causes the release of acetylcholine. c. blocks the effects of NE at its receptor site. d. lowers blood pressure. | a. increases heart rate. |
| 14. Atropine is classified as a muscarinic blocker and therefore is a. parasympathomimetic. b. sympatholytic. c. vagolytic. d. sympathomimetic. | b. sympatholytic. |
| 15. Muscarinic receptors are located on a. the paravertebral ganglia. b. the effector organs—postganglionic parasympathetic. c. the effector organs—postganglionic sympathetic. d. all autonomic ganglia. | b. the effector organs—postganglionic parasympathetic. |
| 16. SNS stimulation causes vasoconstriction of the blood vessels, thereby elevating blood pressure. Which of the following drugs lowers blood pressure? a. vagolytic b. sympathomimetic c. alpha1-adrenergic blocker d. beta2-adrenergic agonist | c. alpha1-adrenergic blocker. |
| 17. SNS stimulation causes relaxation of the breathing passages (i.e., bronchodilation). Which of the following drugs achieves this effect? a. beta2-adrenergic agonist b. alpha1 blocker c. muscarinic antagonist d. vagomimetic | a. beta2-adrenergic agonist. |
| 18. A patient received an antimuscarinic drug (atropine) preoperatively. What drug-related postoperative consequence is he or she likely to experience? a. slow heart rate b. inability to urinate c. excess salivation d. pinpoint pupils | b. inability to urinate. |
| 19. Which of the following neurotransmitters activates muscarinic receptors? a. acetylcholinesterase b. dopamine c. NE d. ACh | d. ACh. |
| 20. Which of the following is least descriptive of craniosacral outflow? a. parasympathetic b. muscarinic and nicotinic receptors c. NE d. feed and breed | c. NE (norepinephrine). |
| 1. Which of the following is most related to phantom limb pain? a. photoreceptor b. adaptation c. projection d. accommodation | c. Projection. |
| 2. Which of the following receptors adapt most rapidly? a. receptors that detect blood chemistries b. olfactory receptors c. pain receptors d. nociceptors | b. Olfactory receptors. |
| 3. Which of the following is most related to the spinothalamic tract, thalamus, and nociceptors? a. hearing b. speech c. pain d. sight | c. Pain. |
| 4. Which of the following is a true statement? a. CN I carries information from the retina to the occipital lobe. b. The olfactory nerve is motor. c. The receptors for the gustatory sense are located on the tongue. d. The receptors for gustation are | d. The receptors for gustation are located on the taste buds. |
| 5. Which of the following is true about tears? a. prevent corneal ulceration b. form the vitreous humor c. form aqueous humor d. drain through the canal of Schlemm | a. Tears prevent corneal ulceration. |
| 6. Which of the following describes the basis for referred pain (e.g., the pain of a heart attack radiates to the left shoulder and arm)? a. Myocardial enzymes from the injured heart muscle diffuse into the shoulder region. b. The same blood vessels th | b. The same blood vessels that supply the heart and the shoulder converge on the same spinal cord segments. |
| 7. Refraction is accomplished when a. the pupils constrict. b. a sensation is projected back to the receptor. c. mydriasis occurs. d. light waves are bent. | d. light waves are bent. |
| 8. All the extrinsic eye muscles a. determine pupillary size. b. move the eyeball in the socket. c. refract light waves. d. change the shape of the lens. | b. move the eyeball in the socket. |
| 9. Which of the following is not true of the retina? a. dependent on the choroid for oxygenation and nourishment b. contains the photoreceptors c. is the nervous layer of the eye d. covers the optic disc, making it the area of most acute vision | d. covers the optic disc, making it the area of most acute vision |
| 10. Myopia, astigmatism, and hyperopia are all a. treated by surgically removing the lens. b. conditions of farsightedness. c. causes of blindness. d. errors of refraction. | d. errors of refraction. |
| 11. The malleus, incus, and stapes a. are inner ear structures. b. are located within the semicircular canals. c. contain the organ of Corti. d. are ossicles located in the middle ear. | d. are ossicles located in the middle ear. |
| 12. What happens at the optic chiasm? a. Aqueous humor is secreted. b. Rods and cones are stimulated. c. Vitreous humor is drained from the posterior cavity. d. Fibers of the optic nerve of each eye cross and project to the opposite side of the brain | d. Fibers of the optic nerve of each eye cross and project to the opposite side of the brain. |
| 13. When drainage of the canal of Schlemm is impaired, a. lacrimation ceases. b. intraocular pressure increases. c. the person develops presbyopia. d. a cataract forms in the affected eye. | b. Intraocular pressure increases. |
| 14. Which of the following is most associated with the rods? a. color vision b. macula lutea c. fovea centralis d. night vision | d. night vision |
| 15. Which of the following is most related to the sense of hearing? a. organ of Corti b. chemoreceptors c. cranial nerve VII d. occipital lobe | a. organ of Corti |
| 16. What is the result of contraction of the radial muscles of the eye? a. The eyeball looks toward the sky. b. The eyeball looks toward the nose. c. mydriasis d. The eyelid opens. | c. Mydriasis. |
| 17. Which of the following is least related to the middle ear? a. bone conduction b. eustachian tube c. malleus, incus, and stapes d. cochlea | d. Cochlea. |
| 18. What causes ototoxicity? a. clouding of the lens b. paralysis of the ciliary muscles c. damage to the cochlear nerve d. collection of cerumen in the external ear | c. Damage to the cochlear nerve. |
| 19. Which of the following refers to the reflex ability of the lens to change its shape as an object moves closer to the eye? a. accommodation b. adaptation c. projection d. presbyopia | a. Accommodation. |
| 20. Because the pituitary gland is located behind the optic chiasm, a pituitary tumor is most likely to cause which condition? a. cataracts b. a disturbance in vision c. error of refraction, such as myopia d. conjunctivitis | b. A disturbance in vision. |
| 21. Which of the following is least descriptive of the organ of Corti? a. mechanoreceptors b. eustachian tube c. cochlea d. inner ear | b. Eustachian tube. |
| 22. Which of the following is a balance-related inner ear structure? a. semicircular canal b. organ of Corti c. eustachian tube d. cochlear nerve | a. Semicircular canal. |
| 23. The primary auditory cortex a. receives sensory input from CN II. b. is located in the temporal lobe. c. is called Wernicke’s area. d. initiates the nerve impulses that move the eyeball. | b. Is located in the temporal lobe. |
| 24. The eustachian tube connects the a. throat with the pharynx. b. pharynx with the middle ear. c. organ of Corti with CN VIII. d. stapes with the eustachian tube. | b. Pharynx with the middle ear. |
| 25. What term is used to describe the choroid, ciliary muscle, and iris? a. meibomian b. uvea c. canthus d. lacrimal apparatus | b. uvea |
| 26. These glands secrete an oily substance that coats the outer surface of the anterior eyeball and reduces the evaporation of tears. a. lacrimal glands b. ciliary body c. meibomian glands d. cerumen-secreting glands | c. meibomian glands |
| 27. Rhodopsin and vitamin A are most associated with a. the production of tears by the lacrimal gland b. night vision c. the secretion of aqueous humor by the ciliary body d. refraction | b. night vision |
| 28. Presbyopia and presbycusis both refer to a. refractive disorders. b. disorders of the eye. c. instruments used to assess disorders of the eye and ear. d. age-related disorders of the eye and ear. | d. age-related disorders of the eye and ear. |
| 29. Accommodation, convergence, and pupillary constriction occur a. whenever the room lights are dimmed. b. when an object moves closer to the eye. c. whenever sound is very loud. d. whenever the primary visual cortex is activated. | b. when an object moves closer to the eye. |
| 30. A person who is photophobic a. is color blind. b. has cataracts. c. is fearful of pain-inducing exposure to light. d. is blind. | c. is fearful of pain-inducing exposure to light. |
| 1. Which of the following is least related to the sympathetic nervous system? a. Includes the paravertebral ganglia b. Is also called the fight-or-flight response c. Is also called craniosacral outflow d. Uses norepinephrine as a transmitter | c. Is also called craniosacral outflow |
| 2. Which of the following is most related to the parasympathetic nervous system? a. Uses norepinephrine as a postganglionic transmitter b. Mediates feed-and-breed activities c. Is also called the fight-or-flight response d. Adrenergic postganglionic f | b. Mediates feed-and-breed activities. |
| 3. What is the role of MAO? a. Destroys norepinephrine b. Activates the muscarinic receptors c. Activates the beta1-adrenergic receptors d. Inactivates acetylcholine | a. Destroys norepinephrine |
| 4. Activation of the beta2-adrenergic receptors a. is a response to the binding of ACh. b. causes wheezing. c. dilates the breathing passages. d. slows the heart rate. | c. dilates the breathing passages. |
| 5. Activation of the muscarinic receptors a. dilates the breathing passages. a. slows the heart rate. c. dilates the pupil. d. is a response to norepinephrine. | b. slows the heart rate. |
| 6. Blockade of the alpha1-adrenergic receptors is the basis for what group of drugs? a. Hypoglycemic agents b. Blood pressure–lowering drugs c. Cardiac stimulants d. Bronchodilators | b. Blood pressure–lowering drugs |
| 7. Pupillary dilation, an increase in heart rate, and an inability to urinate are effects of a. alpha1-adrenergic activation. b. beta2-adrenergic activation. c. muscarinic blockade. d. vagomimetic activity. | a. alpha1-adrenergic activation. |
| 8. A vagolytic drug exerts the same effects as a. a sympathomimetic agent. b. a beta1-adrenergic agonist. c. a muscarinic agonist. d. an antimuscarinic agent. | a. a sympathomimetic agent. |
| 9. Fight or flight, paravertebral ganglia, and norepinephrine are most related to a. cholinergic fibers. b. sympathetic nervous system. c. nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. d. craniosacral outflow. | b. sympathetic nervous system. |
| 10. Feed and breed, craniosacral outflow, and ACh are most related to the a. sympathetic nervous system. b. adrenergic fibers. c. nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. d. paravertebral ganglia. | d. paravertebral ganglia. |
| 1. The retina a. refracts light. b. contains rods and cones. c. covers the optic disc, the area of most acute vision. d. secretes vitreous humor. | b. contains rods and cones. |
| 3. A drug or effect that is described as mydriatic a. decreases intraocular pressure. b. dilates the pupil. c. increases the secretion of aqueous humor. d. increases the numbers of cones. | b. dilates the pupil. |
| 4. Which of the following describes the inner ear? a. It contains the malleus, incus, and stapes. b. It connects with the pharynx by the eustachian tube. c. It is the location of the organ of Corti. d. It is concerned with bone conduction. | c. It is the location of the organ of Corti. |
| 5. The organ of Corti a. is the receptor for hearing. b. refers to the ossicles within the middle ear. c. leans up against the tympanic membrane and “feels” its vibration. d. activates CN II. | a. is the receptor for hearing. |
| 6. Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature are a. mediated through mechanoreceptors. b. classified as general senses. c. interpreted in the precentral gyrus. d. senses that are interpreted in the occipital lobe. | b. classified as general senses. |
| 7. Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI a. carry sensory information from the retina to the occipital lobe. b. carry sensory information from the organ of Corti to the primary auditory cortex. c. innervate the extrinsic eye muscles. d. are the m | c. innervate the extrinsic eye muscles. |
| 8. Which of the following is not a sense? a. Gustation b. Lacrimation c. Olfaction d. Proprioception | b. Lacrimation |
| 9. Which of the following best describes these structures: superior oblique, inferior oblique, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and lateral rectus? a. Cranial nerves that stimulate the extrinsic eye muscles b. Muscles that form t | b. Muscles that form the extraocular muscles of the eye. |
| 10. Identify the sensation that matches the following descriptions: gustation, chemoreceptors, and CNs VII, IX, and X. a. Smell b. Lacrimation c. Taste d. Balance | c. Taste |
| 11. Where are the receptors for static and dynamic equilibrium? a. Inner ear b. Cerebellum c. Ciliary body d. Cochlea | a. Inner ear |
| 12. The vestibular apparatus refers to a. CN VIII and CN X. b. the vestibule and semicircular canals. c. the cochlea and organ of Corti. d. the retina and choroid. | b. The vestibule and semicircular canals. |
| 13. Which of the following best describes this series of events: activation of nociceptors, transmission of the nerve impulse along the spinothalamic tract, and activation of the parietal lobe? a. Proprioception b. Anesthesia c. Pain d. Vi | c. Pain |
| 14. The lens, suspensory ligaments, and ciliary muscles a. control the contractile activity of the extrinsic eye muscles. b. are concerned with refraction. c. are innervated by the optic nerve. d. move the eyeball medially. | b. are concerned with refraction. |
| 15. Which of the following is least related to the eyelids? a. Levator palpebrae superioris b. CN III c. Ptosis, causing a “sleepy” appearance d. Optic nerve | d. Optic nerve |
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