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RADbio final review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is not a responsibility of the RSO? | cancel exams that are unesessary |
| Which is an uncontrolled area | hallway frequently visited by public |
| Which cancer is the main adverse effect from chernobyl? | Thyroid cancer |
| Amount of energy transferred to electron by ionizing radiation is the concept of what | radiation dose |
| Occupational dose limits of the radiographer are set in units of | sieverts |
| A photon interacts w/an inner-shell and gives up all its energy and the photon is absorbed | Photoelectric effect |
| photoelectric absorption __________ as the thickness of a body part increases | increases |
| Photoelectric absorption ____________ as atomic number increases | increases |
| type of radiation that occurs when an electron drops from an outer shell to fill a vacancy in an inner shell | characteristic |
| the differences in density (light & dark) of radiographic images of adjacent structures is | radiographic contrast |
| The total electric charge of one sign per unit mass that radiation generates in air only | exposure |
| which of the following is an SI unit? -roentgen -rad -gray -rem | gray |
| what takes into account both the type and tissue being irradiated | effective dose |
| Line 1 represents what type of dose response | linear non-threshold |
| Early tissue reactions are caused by | very high radiation doses |
| The occurrence of photoelectric absorption ________ as the energy of the incident photon decreases | increases |
| The amount of energy transferred by incident radiation to an object per unit length of track through the object | LET |
| What is not an EARLY tissue reaction | cataract formation |
| Whats the first stage if acute radiation syndrome | prodromal |
| During which face of mitosis does the mitotic spindle begin to form? | prophase |
| Which stage of mitosis can chromosome damage caused by radiation be evaluated? | metaphase |
| A master molecule that maintains normal cell function is present in every cell | target theory |
| High LET radiation causes biologic damage by ionization of atoms mostly through | direct action |
| indirect action of ionizing radiation on atoms occurs b/c of the ____________ of water which produces free radicals | radiolysis |
| The law of bergonie & Tribondeau states that radiosensitivity of cells is inversely proportional to the degree of ________ | differentiation |
| What is true of the three mile island? (not long term effects) idk what else | A&C |
| Genetic effects are an example of ________________ | stochastic and long term effects |
| The most crucial period of pregnancy (most radiosensitive) in regard to radiation exposure is | 1st trimester |
| Cell organelles that manufacture proteins | ribosomes |
| Cell organelle that provides energy for the cell | mitochondria |
| An ionization chamber surverymeter that measures both exposure rate and cumulative exposure | cutie pie |
| A radiation area monitoring survey instrument that makes an audible sound in the presence of radiation | geiger-muller survey meter |
| Type of dosimeter that uses a lithium fluoride crystal and is read by heating of it | thermoluminescent TLD |
| This type of dosimeter can be read via USB connection for an instant readout | direct Ion storage |
| Fraction of the work week during which the space behind a protective barrier is occupied | occupancy factor (T) |
| The portion of the beam on time that the beam is directed at a primary barrier | use factor (U) |
| A protective barrier designed to prevent direct radiation from reaching someone on the other side | primary protective barrier |
| A secondary barrier protects against scatter and is never struck by the primary beam, how much lead is required? | .08mm |
| 0.05Sv is the same as what in traditional units? | 5 rems |
| at a distance of 1ft the intensity is 200mrem, what would the intensity be at 2ft? | 50mrem |
| Who was the first American radiation worker to die from radiation-induced cancer in October 1904? | Clarence Madison Dally |
| If a patient receiving x-ray therapy treatment receives a total dosage of 6000 rads, the dosage may be recorded as _____ if the SI system is used. | 6000 cGy |
| In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with _____ wavelengths and _____ energies. | shorter; higher |
| Annihilation radiation is used in which of the following modalities? | positron emission tomography (PET) |
| True or False: Radiation protection is defined as effective measures to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation. | True |
| Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources? | long-lived radioactive elements, such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth |
| The millisievert (mSv) is equal to what fraction of one sievert? | 1/1000 |
| Which of the following is a form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atoms of the material with which it interacts? | ionizing radiation |
| Which of the following interactions of radiation and matter is responsible for most of the scattered radiation produced during radiologic procedures? | Compton scatter |
| True or False: The lower the linear energy transfer (LET), the more biologic damage will occur. | False |
| During the process of coherent scattering, the incident x-ray photon interacts with a(n): | atom causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to vibrate momentarily and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves |
| True or False: A quantity of radioactive material is measured in units of Gy in the traditional unit system. | False |
| Which of the following are types of ionizing radiation that produce virtually the same biologic effect for equal absorbed doses in body tissue? (In other words, they have the same quality factor). | x-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays |
| Coherent scattering is most likely to occur ____________, and produce small angle scatter which has little effect on the radiographic image. | below 10 keV |
| True or False: Humans receive the largest dose of ionizing radiation from cosmic rays. | False |
| concept that helps explain the need for a quality or modifying factor; amount of energy transferred on average by radiation to an object | LET |
| traditional unit used to express dose (D | rad |
| traditional unit used to express exposure (X); unit for the measure of ionization of air | roentgen |
| the degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in a patient | diagnostic efficacy |
| radiation produced as a consequence of nuclear weapons testing and chemical explosions in nuclear power plants | fallout |
| photoelectric absorption | interaction between an x-ray photon and an inner-shell electron of an atom |
| True or False: If emitted from a radioisotope deposited in the body, alpha particles cannot be absorbed in epithelial tissue and therefore are not damaging to that tissue. | False |
| The probability of occurrence of photoelectric absorption _________ as the energy of the incident photon decreases and the atomic number of the irradiated atoms _________. | increases markedly, increases |
| Which of the following is not a type of interaction between x-radiation and biologic matter? | linear acceleration |
| Which of the following interactions between photons and matter involves a matter-antimatter annihilation reaction? | pair production |
| In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy: | as large as or larger than the amount of energy that binds the electron in its orbit |
| Occupational dose limits to the radiographer may be stated in units of: | 1. Coulombs per kilogram (roentgen) 2. Gray (rads) 3. Sievert (rem) 3 only |
| During the process of photoelectric absorption, which of the following terms refers to the radiation that occurs when an electron drops down from an outer orbit to fill a vacancy in an inner orbit of the parent atom | characteristic radiation |
| True or False: One consequence of ionization in human cells is the production of free electrons | True |
| Which of the following statements concerning the 1979 nuclear reactor accident at Three Mile Island (TMI) is not true? | There has been a large increase in cancer-related deaths reported among the population living ner the TMI nuclear power station since the time of the accident. |
| One millirem equals ___________ rem. | 1/1000 |
| Fifteen sievert equals __________ rem. | 1500 |
| The amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation is the basis of the concept o | radiation dose |
| True or False: The equivalent dose (EqD) accounts for the type of ionizing radiation and the organ or organ system being irradiated. | False |
| True or False: Lung cancer continues to be the main adverse health effect of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. | False -Thyroid |
| Which of the following is considered by the EPA to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States | radon exposure |
| A radiographer receives an absorbed dose of 1 Gy of x-rays (radiation weighting factor = 1) to the lungs (tissue weighting factor = 0.12). What would be the effective dose received? | 0.12 Sv |
| For x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 (MeV), which may be defined as the measure of the total electrical charge of one sign, either all pluses or all minuses, per unit mass that these two kinds of radiation generate in air only? | exposure |
| method for comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation received over a given period | BERT |
| EqD | radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation; specifies the biologic harm that is produced by different types of radiatio |
| EfD | radiation quantity that includes of all types of ionizing radiation to irradiated organs or tissues in the human body; specific tissue weighting factors and the chance of each of these body parts for developing radiation induced cancer |
| biologic damage | changes in a living organism from exposure to ionizing radiation that occurs by ejecting electrons from atoms making up tissues |
| combination of the x-ray tube glass wall and the added aluminum placed in the collimaton | permanent inherent filtration |
| True or False: Stochastic effects are acute tissue reactions that appear within minutes, hours or days of exposure to ionizing radiation. | False |
| During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome: after the initial stage (prodromal stage), the period when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovasular systems will become visible is called: | manifest illness |
| In 1898, after suffering severe burns attributed to radiation exposure, which Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of radiation exposure and became the first known advocate of radiation protection? | William Herbert Rollins |
| The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also known as the ___________ syndrome | bone marrow |
| Which of the following is/are considered low-LET radiation(s)? 1. x--rays 2. alpha particles 3. gamma rays | 1&3 only |
| Which of the following are classified as early (acute) somatic effects of ionizing radiation? | nausea, epilation, intestinal disorders |
| A term that is synonymous with epilation is: | alopecia |
| Very few of the effects from x-rays or gamma rays on macromolecules in living systems are the result of indirect action | False |
| During which of the following subphases of mitosis do the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell and begin to regulate the formation of the mitotic spindle? | Prophase |
| A radiation dose of 0.1 Gy (10 rads) delivered to a human embryo during the pre-implantation stage of development results in which of the following | embryonic death |
| Which of the following groups of cells is most radiosensitive | lymphocytes |
| Which of the following groups of cells is the least radiosensitive? | adult nerve cells |
| Which of the following means the loss or change of a nitrogenous base int he DNA chain | mutation |
| As LET increases, the ability of ionizing radiation it causes biologic effects: | increases until it reaches a maximal value |
| The term "linear non-threshold curve" implies that biologic response to ionizing radiation is ________ the dose. | directly proportional |
| Moist and dry desquamation can be caused by | high radiation doses |
| Genetic effects occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following? | - sperm of an adult male - ova of an adult female |
| predicts that a specific number of excess cancers will occur as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation | absolute risk model |
| period of cell growth that occurs before mitosis | interphase |
| Grenz rays were once used to treat and cure: | skin diseases, such as ringworm |
| enables the cell to communicate with extracellular environment; transfers food from one part of cell to another | endoplasmic reticulum |
| disposes of large particles such as bacteria and food as well as smaller particles; can digest the cell if the surrounding membrane breaks | lysosome |
| functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents; controls passage of water | cell membrane |
| believed to play some part in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division | centrisomes |
| holds a large amount of RNA | nucleolus |
| unites large carbohydrate molecules and combines them with proteins; transports enzymes and hormones through cell membrane | Golgi apparatus |
| manufacture the various proteins that cells require | ribosomes |
| Which of the following tissues contain cells that do not divide? 1. epithelial tissue 2. muscle tissue 3. nervous tissue in the adult | 2&3 |
| While passing through a human cell, an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivates the cell' master molecule. What is the consequence for the cell? | death |
| compounds called pyrimidines | cytosine and thymine |
| compounds called purines | adenine and guanine |
| Form of ARS that results when the whole body receive ionizing radiation doses of 50 Gy or more | cerebrovascular syndrome |
| The period after the initial stage of ARS during which no visible effects or symptoms of radiation exposure occur | latent period |
| lesions that result when irradiation of individual chromatids occurs later in interphase, AFTER DNA synthesis takes place | chromatid aberrations |
| lesions that result when irradiation occurs early in interphase, BEFORE DNA synthesis takes place; during DNA synthesis this break is replicated so now both chromatids demonstrate the break | chromosome aberrations |
| The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to ______% of the exposed population in ________ days. | 50;30 |
| Direct action may occur after exposure to any type of radiation, but it is much more likely to happen after exposure to: | high LET radiation such as alpha particles |
| Which of the following gonadal radiation doses may cause permanent sterility in a human males? | 6 Gy |
| Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a/an ____________ effect. | cumalative |
| Which of the following is primarily used as a radiation survey instrument for area monitoring in nuclear medicine and has an audible sound system that alerts the operator to the presence of ionizing radiation | Geiger-Muller detector |
| The annual effective dose limit for individual members of the general population not occupationally exposed is ___________ for continuous or frequent exposures from artificial sources and ____________ for infrequent annual exposure | 1 mSv (0.1 rem), 5 mSv (0.5 rem) |
| Which of the following agencies is a regulatory agency that can enforce radiation protection standards? | NRC |
| What do optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters, direct ion storage dosimeters, and thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLD) have in common | These devices are all used for personnel monitoring. |
| Which of the following is a disadvantage of the OSL dosimeter? | exposure not determinable on the day of the occurrence |
| Whenever the letter M appears under the current monitoring period or in the cumulative columns of a personnel monitoring report, it signifies that a(n): | equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time |
| Which of the following is not a basic component of an OSL dosimeter? | charged electrodes |
| Which component(s) of the Geiger-Muller detector alert(s) the operator to the presence of ionizing radiation? | an audio amplifier and speaker |
| most facilities room doors have attenuation for diagnostic energy x-ray equivalent to that provided by a _____ inch of lead | 1/32 |
| Which of the following must always be the first step in protection of the reproductive organs? | Adequate and precise collimation |
| What is the cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 46 years old? | 460mSv |
| Which of the following is the equivalent of 10 rad? | 10cGy |
| The OSL dosimeter is “read out” by using: | laser light |
| Whenever scattered radiation decreases, the radiographer’s exposure: | decreases |
| Which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors and filtration reduces patient radiation dose during a radiographic examination? | higher kVp, lower mAs, increased filtration |
| Which of the following devices contains an aluminum oxide detector? | OSL dosimeter |
| Which of the following is NOT a material that is used as a filter in an optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter? | lead |
| The main function of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is to: | oversee the nuclear energy industry |
| How is a reading obtained from a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)? | LiF crystals are exposed to heat to the point they combust and emit light in proportion to the radiation dose received. |
| Occasional exposure for the purpose of education and training of those under 18 years of age is permitted, provided that special care is taken to ensure that the annual effective dose limit of _____ mSv (_____ rem) is not exceeded. | 1; 0.1 |
| Of the following personnel monitoring devices, which device could be used to provide immediate exposure readout for a radiation worker working in a cardiac catheterization laboratory? | direct ion storage dosimeter |
| Of the three cardinal principles of radiation protection, which is the most effective? | distance |
| Which part(s) of a diagnostic x-ray unit should a radiographer avoid touching while a radiographic exposure is in progress? | tube housing, collimator, and high-tension cables |
| Which type of barrier is placed behind the vertical bucky? | primary |
| Who should determine the exact shielding requirements for a particular imaging facility? | medical physicist |
| Which of the following personnel dosimeters contains a small gas-filled ionization chamber? | direct ion storage dosimeter |
| While standing behind the control-booth barrier, a radiographer makes a radiographic exposure. The x-rays scattered from the patient’s body should ________ behind the control-booth barrier. | scatter a minimum of two times before reaching any area |
| To reduce intensity from 100 to 25 mrem, with an original distance of 1 foot, distance should change to: | 2ft |
| When a radiologic technologist declares her pregnancy to her employer, which of the following is appropriate? | She continues to perform her duties without interruption of employment, provided that she has received radiation safety counseling and follows established radiation safety practices. |
| What type of relationship does ALARA assume | linear, non-threshold |
| The dose equivalent for a pregnant occupational worker is: | 500 mrem over 9 months |
| What is the term for the proportional amount of time during which the x-ray beam is energized and directed toward a particular barrier? | use factor |
| If the peak energy of the x-ray beam is 100 kVp, the minimum requirement that a protective lead apron must be the equivalent to is ________ | 0.25mm thickness of lead |
| Increasing the total filtration will have what effect on the skin entrance dose? | it will decrease |
| ______ is the radiation output weighted time that the unit is actually delivering radiation during the week and is measured in mA minutes per week. | workload |
| Protective eyeglasses with optically clear lenses should contain a minimal lead equivalent protection of _____ mm | 0.35 |
| Which are responsibilities of a (RSC)? 1. Assist in the development of the radiation safety program. 2. Provide guidance for the radiation safety program. 3. Facilitate the ongoing operation of the radiation safety program | 1,2&3 |
| The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that: | any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation |
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