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Biology Genetics

the Vocab from the genetics unit of Biology

TermDefinition
Genetics Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms
Fertilization Fertilization is defined as the union of two gametes. During fertilization, sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid zygote to initiate prenatal development.
trait A trait, as related to genetics, is a specific characteristic of an individual. Traits can be determined by genes, environmental factors or by a combination of both.
hybrid n individual formed by mating between unlike forms, usually genetically differentiated populations or species.
gene The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.
principle of dominance The law (or the principle) of dominance states that the presence of a dominant allele will always mask the presence of a recessive allele.
segregation Segregation is the separation of allele pairs (different traits of the same gene) during meiosis so that they can transfer specifically to separate gametes.
gamete A gamete is a reproductive cell of an animal or plant. In animals, female gametes are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm. Ova and sperm are haploid cells, with each cell carrying only one copy of each chromosome.
probability In genetics, probability is a measurement tool that helps us predict the chances of an offspring being inherited with a particular trait of interest
homozygous The presence of two identical alleles at a particular gene locus. A homozygous genotype may include two normal alleles or two alleles that have the same variant.
phenotype The observable characteristics in an individual resulting from the expression of genes; the clinical presentation of an individual with a particular genotype.
genotype A genotype is a scoring of the type of variant present at a given location (i.e., a locus) in the genome. It can be represented by symbols. For example, BB, Bb, bb could be used to represent a given variant in a gene.
Punnett square The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment
independent assortment The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop
incomplete dominance Incomplete dominance is a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype. It is also known as partial dominance.
codominance Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.
multiple alleles Codominance, as it relates to genetics, refers to a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.
polygenic trait A polygenic trait is a characteristic, such as height or skin color, that is influenced by two or more genes. Because multiple genes are involved, polygenic traits do not follow the patterns of Mendelian inheritance.
homologous Homologous traits are those traits that are shared by two or more different species that share a common ancestor. These traits are similar in structure or genetics, but may have very different functions and appearances.
diploid Diploid is a term that refers to the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair. Humans are diploid, and most of the body's cells contain 23 chromosomes pairs.
haploid Haploid refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cells. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). In humans, only the egg and sperm cells are haploid
meiosis A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell. Meiosis occurs during formation of egg and sperm cells in mammals.
crossing over Crossing over, as related to genetics and genomics, refers to the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells
genome The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism. In people, almost every cell in the body contains a complete copy of the genome. The genome contains all of the information needed for a person to develop and grow.
karyotype A karyotype is an individual's complete set of chromosomes. A karyotype may be used to look for abnormalities in chromosome number or structure.
sex chromosome A sex chromosome is a type of chromosome involved in sex determination. Humans and most other mammals have two sex chromosomes, X and Y, that in combination determine the sex of an individual.
autosome An autosome is one of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes
sex-linked gene characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes. In humans, the term often refers to traits or disorders influenced by genes on the X chromosome, as it contains many more genes than the smaller Y chromosome.
pedigree A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next,
Created by: megatremayne
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