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bio FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does it mean to be gram-positive? | gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan |
| Prokaryotes make ____ to help survive during harsh conditions | endospores |
| Phototrophs get energy from ____ | sunlight |
| Chemotrophs get energy from ____ | chemicals |
| ____ is the use of prokaryotes to remove pollutants | bioremediation |
| Extreme halophiles | salt lovers |
| Extreme thermophiles | heat lovers |
| Methanogens | anaerobic conditions |
| The five major groups of bacteria: | proteobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes |
| Proteobacteria | all gram-negative and a share a certain rRNA sequence |
| Cyanobacteria | the only group of prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen generating photosynthesis |
| Chlamydias | live inside eukaryotic host cells |
| Spirohetes | pathogens |
| Three factors that contribute to genetic diversity of prokaryotes: | rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination |
| Prokaryotes reproduce ____ | asexually or using binary fission |
| Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be brought together by ____, _____, and ____ | transformation, transduction, and conjugation |
| DNA transformation: | incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment |
| DNA transduction: | movement of genes between bacteria by phages |
| Conjugation: | genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells |
| Pathogenic bacteria often cause disease by producing ____ and ____ | exotoxins and endotoxins |
| Exotoxins | proteins that bacterial cells secrete into the their environment |
| Endotoxins | lipid components of the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria that are released when the cell dies or is digested |
| SAR supergroup contains what three clades | stramenopila, alveolata, rhizaria |
| Stramenopila examples: | diatoms, brown algae, water molds |
| Alveolata examples: | dinoflagellates, ciliates, some parasites |
| Rhizaria examples: | foraminiferans and radiolarians |
| The four super groups are: | SAR, Excavata, archaeplastida, unikonta |
| Plants and green algae called charophytes ____, ____, ____ | evolved from a common ancestor, have complex multicellular bodies and are photosynthetic eukaryotes |
| Adaptations to living on land? (plants) | sunlight, lots of atmospheric CO2, few pathogens and plant eating animals |
| Disadvantages to living on land? (plants) | maintain moisture in cells, need support to stand up, reproduce without moisture, live in soil |
| Shared traits of charophytes: | rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins, structure of flagellated sperm, formation of phragmoplast |
| Five key traits that differ from charophytes | alternation of generations, multicellular, dependent embryos, walled spores, multicellular gametangia, apical meristems |
| Bryophyte examples: | mosses, liverwort, hornwort |
| Clades of vascular non-seed plants | lycophytes (club mosses) monilophytes (ferns) |
| Types of seeded vascular plants | gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| The haploid generation of plants that makes ____ is called the ____ | gametes, gametophyte |
| The diploid generation of plants that makes ____ is called ____ | spores, sporophyte |
| Why are bryophytes life cycle unique? | their dominant stage is the gametophyte |
| Peat moss can be used a source of what? | fuel |
| What type of plant has a "heart" shaped reproductive organ? | ferns (seedless vascular plants) |
| What formed coal? | decaying plants of the Devonian and Carboniferous forests (the two clades of seedless vascular plants) |
| In seed plants, the sperm is reduced to a ____ | nucleus |
| Five derived traits of seed plants | reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen, seeds |
| Microspore gives rise to a ____ gametophyte | male |
| Megaspore gives rise to a ____ gametophyte | female |
| Flowers are the sites of ____ and ____ | pollination and fertilization |
| Flowers have ____ and ____ parts | male and female |
| Flowers consist of ____, ____, ____, and ____ | sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels |
| What are the male parts of a flower? | stamen; anther, filament and pollen |
| What are the female parts of a flower? | carpel; stigma, style, ovary, and ovule |
| What are fruits? | ripened ovaries of flowers and an adaptation that help disperse seeds |
| Seed dispersal mechanisms | wind, animals |
| Fruit=___ | mature ovary |
| 90% of plants have a symbiotic relationship with ___ fungi | mycorrhizal |
| Most fungi are ____ | saprobes |
| What is a saprobe | fungi that break down |
| Fungi are ____ ____ | heterotrophic eukaryotes |
| Imperfect fungi use ____ reproduction | asexual |
| What are the five fungi groups? | chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes |
| Fungi are most closely related to unicellular protists called ____ | nucleariids |
| Glomeroycota | formed with plants |
| Ascomycota | sac fungi |
| Basidiomycetes | club fungi |
| What is the name for a fungal infection in animals | mycosis |
| Lichens are made of ____ and ____ | algae and fungi |
| Animals are ____, ____ ____, and lack ____ ____ | eukaryotes, multicellular heterotrophs and lack cell walls |
| After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division called ____ | cleavage |
| Cleavage forms ____ | blastula |
| What do hox genes do? | regulate the development of body form |
| Larva | sexually immature, stage after egg |
| Juvenile | resembles an adult but isn't sexually mature |
| ____% of animals are invertebrates | 96 |
| Ectoderm | germ layer covering the embryo's surface |
| Endoderm | innermost germ layer and lines developing digestive tube called the archenteron |
| Sponges lack ____ ____ | true tissues |
| Diploblastic only have ____ and ____ | ectoderm and endoderm |
| Triploblastic have an intermediate tissue layer called | mesoderm |
| Protostome opening is the future ____ | mouth |
| Deuterostome opening is the future ____ | anus |
| A true body cavity is called a ____ and is derived from ____ | coelom; mesoderm |
| Coelomates are animals that posses a true ____ | coelom |
| What group has radial symmetry | cnidarians |
| ____ is a clade of animals with tissues | Eumetazoa "true animals" |
| What type of animal lack body symmetry | sponges |
| Central cavity in sponges is called ____ | spongocoel |
| What filters food from water in sponges? | choanocytes |
| Cnidarians are ____ with _____ cells | radial; stinging |
| Two body forms of cnidarians | polyp and medusa |
| ____ are organelles that contain a stinging thread | nematocysts |
| ____ ____ contains the internal organs of a mollusc | visceral mass |
| ____ my contain a shell in molluscs | mantle |
| Molluscs feed themselves with a ____ | radula |
| Annelids are ____ ____ | segmented worms |
| What are the four major classes of molluscs | polyplacophora, gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopoda |
| Nematodes can be ____ | parasites |
| Arthropods have an ____ | exoskeleton |
| As an arthropod grows, it must ____ | molt |
| The body of an insect typically contains these five things: | head, thorax, abdomen, three sets of legs, wings |
| Complete metamorphosis: | larva ---> pupa ---> adult |
| Incomplete metamorphosis: | larva ---> multiple molts ---> adult |
| What is the mechanism of evolution? | natural selection |
| Microevolution is | changes in allele frequencies (think hardy-weinberg) |
| Causes of evolutionary change | natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow |
| Bottleneck effect | natural disaster and few are left |
| Founder effect | when a few individuals colonize an island or new habitat |
| Relative fitness | contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of the other individuals |
| Gene flow vs genetic drift | gene flow: migration of species genetic drift: random event |
| ____ was the first person to propose evolution | Darwin |
| ____ was the founder of taxonomy | Linnaeus |
| ____ founded the paleontology | Cuvier |
| ____ hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics | Lamarck |
| Darwins observations while on the Beagle? | -members of a population often vary in their inherited traits -all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and |
| Who coined the term "decent with modification"? | Darwin |
| What is artificial selection | breeding species with desired traits |
| What is homology? | a similarity resulting from common ancestry |
| What is convergent evolution? | evolution of similar features but the groups are distantly related |
| What organisms have a low mutation rate? Low rate? | plants and animals, prokaryotes and viruses |
| Sexual dimorphism | marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics |
| Intrasexual selection | is direct competition among individuals of one sex (often males) for mates of the opposite sex |
| Intersexual selection | often called mate choice, occurs when individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates |
| Balancing selection | natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population |
| Heterozygote advantage | occurs when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes, results from stabilizing or directional selection |
| Frequency-dependent selection | Selection favors whichever phenotype is less common in a population |
| Why can't natural selection fashion perfect organisms? | 1. selection can act only on existing variations 2. evolution is limited by historical constraints 3. adaptions are often compromises 4. chance, natural selection, and the environment interact |
| Biological species concept | species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with members of other populations |
| Morphological species concept | defines a species by structural features |
| Ecological species concept | views a species in terms of its ecological niche |
| phylogenetic species concept | defines a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree |
| Genetic species concept | analyzes the entire genome of a species/group for divergence from related species |
| Allopatric speciation | (a)part, divided by geographical barriers |
| Sympatric speciation | together |
| Polyploidy | having extra chromosomes |
| Autopolyploid | individual with more than two chromosome sets (asexual) |
| Allopolyploid | a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species (sexual) |
| Sexual selection can lead to ____ speciation | sympatric |
| Hybrid zone is | is a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids |
| Reinforcement hybrids | less fit, hybridization will not longer occur |
| Fusion | hybrid species will form a new species |
| Stability | continued formation of hybrids |
| Order the eons : proterozoic, hadean, phanerozoic, archaean | hadean, archaean, proterzonic, phanerozoic |
| Order these events: single celled, atomospheric o, animals, multi celled, colonization of land, prokaryotes | prokaryotes, atomsheric o, single celled, multi celled, animals, colonization of land |
| Hox genes | These genes code for transcription factors that function in numerous developmental processes |
| Heterochrony | is an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events |
| Paedomorphosis | rate of reproductive development accelerates compared with somatic development |
| Taxonomy | branch of bio concerned with identifying, naming, classifying species |
| What's a binomial? | a scientific name for a species |
| Phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
| Systematics | is a discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. |
| Phylogenetic tree | hypothesis of evolutionary relationships |
| Clade (cladistics) | grouping organisms by common ancestry |
| Each clade is a ____ | monophyletic group |
| What is a notochord? | longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord |
| What is the dorsal, hollow nerve cord? | nerve cord that develops into the central nervous system |
| What is the muscular, post-anal tail? | the tail |
| What two groups lack hinged jaws? | Hagfishes and lampreys |
| What are vertebrates that have jaws? | gnathostomes |
| What are some chondrichthyans? | sharks and rays |
| What are some ray-finned fishes? | tina, trout, goldfish |
| What are some lobe-finned fishes? | lungfishes |
| What does oviparous mean? | eggs hatch outside mothers body |
| What does ovoviviparous mean? | eggs are retained in the oviduct, children are born after its hatched in the uterus |
| What does viviparous mean? | embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished from the placenta |
| What is the purpose of the swim bladder? | to maintain buoyancy |
| Urodela means: | tailed ones, salamanders |
| Anura means: | tailless ones, frogs |
| Apoda means: | legless ones, caecilians |
| Amphibian means: | both ways of life, aquatic larva to terrestrial adult |
| What are reptiles? | tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg |
| Reptiles are: (think heat) | ectothermic |
| Reptiles have what type of egg? | amniotic egg |
| Are birds reptiles? | yes, they have adaptations to fly |
| What are monotremes? | egg-laying mammals |
| What are marsupials? | they give birth and then the baby lives in the pouch |
| What are eutherians? | placental mammals |
| What is the study of human origins called? | paleoanthropology |
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mac271
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